1 00:00:01,830 --> 00:00:00,470 [Music] 2 00:00:22,730 --> 00:00:01,840 foreign 3 00:00:23,970 --> 00:00:22,740 [Music] 4 00:00:41,950 --> 00:00:23,980 [Applause] 5 00:00:44,690 --> 00:00:41,960 [Music] 6 00:00:46,430 --> 00:00:44,700 friends and fellow earthlings and my 7 00:00:49,430 --> 00:00:46,440 fellow crew of the spaceship earth 8 00:00:51,410 --> 00:00:49,440 welcome to ask an astrobiologist the 9 00:00:53,209 --> 00:00:51,420 show that celebrates the science and the 10 00:00:55,610 --> 00:00:53,219 scientists involved in our quest to 11 00:00:58,729 --> 00:00:55,620 understand the nature of life I'm your 12 00:01:00,529 --> 00:00:58,739 host Dr Graham the cosmo biologist Lao 13 00:01:03,950 --> 00:01:00,539 and we're brought to you by the NASA 14 00:01:05,990 --> 00:01:03,960 astrobiology program and segnet.org now 15 00:01:08,149 --> 00:01:06,000 you might have noticed in the ramp up 16 00:01:11,030 --> 00:01:08,159 for today's show not only do we have an 17 00:01:13,750 --> 00:01:11,040 all-new season here in 2023 we also have 18 00:01:16,490 --> 00:01:13,760 all new music all new graphics new logos 19 00:01:18,590 --> 00:01:16,500 a huge thanks to the artist Melissa 20 00:01:20,570 --> 00:01:18,600 flower for developing this new set of 21 00:01:22,190 --> 00:01:20,580 logos for us we hope that you're really 22 00:01:24,410 --> 00:01:22,200 excited for the show this year just like 23 00:01:27,649 --> 00:01:24,420 we are we have so much to bring you it's 24 00:01:30,109 --> 00:01:27,659 now over 50 episodes of is episode 54 of 25 00:01:32,630 --> 00:01:30,119 ask an astrobiologist and it has been 26 00:01:34,249 --> 00:01:32,640 quite a ride so with our new change in 27 00:01:35,929 --> 00:01:34,259 logos we thought we'd bring back the 28 00:01:38,149 --> 00:01:35,939 original host from the very first 29 00:01:40,370 --> 00:01:38,159 episode of the show started uh and who 30 00:01:43,069 --> 00:01:40,380 handed off the hosting to me as well 31 00:01:44,810 --> 00:01:43,079 before we introduce that host though I 32 00:01:47,090 --> 00:01:44,820 do want to say a huge thank you to all 33 00:01:48,410 --> 00:01:47,100 of you who are watching now live all of 34 00:01:50,210 --> 00:01:48,420 those who watch the recording later 35 00:01:52,370 --> 00:01:50,220 thank you to all of you for tuning in 36 00:01:54,170 --> 00:01:52,380 for joining in this quest with us and 37 00:01:56,330 --> 00:01:54,180 learning more about the nature of life 38 00:01:59,090 --> 00:01:56,340 with us and learning more about what all 39 00:02:00,649 --> 00:01:59,100 these awesome astrobiologists do we 40 00:02:03,950 --> 00:02:00,659 especially want to give a shout out to 41 00:02:07,069 --> 00:02:03,960 debashree das who is at Deb underscore 42 00:02:08,570 --> 00:02:07,079 Astro nerd on Twitter uh Deb shared 43 00:02:10,790 --> 00:02:08,580 about our show and got some engagement 44 00:02:12,890 --> 00:02:10,800 for it and it's always helpful for us to 45 00:02:14,690 --> 00:02:12,900 have our ambassadors out there in the 46 00:02:16,369 --> 00:02:14,700 world sharing about the show talking 47 00:02:18,589 --> 00:02:16,379 about the show and asking questions for 48 00:02:20,570 --> 00:02:18,599 our guests so like I said today's 49 00:02:23,210 --> 00:02:20,580 episode is going to be pretty incredible 50 00:02:25,490 --> 00:02:23,220 we are bringing back on the OG host of 51 00:02:27,949 --> 00:02:25,500 ask an astrobiologist to chat with me 52 00:02:29,750 --> 00:02:27,959 about his research his work in science 53 00:02:31,970 --> 00:02:29,760 communication his work as a businessman 54 00:02:34,670 --> 00:02:31,980 or business person uh and and doing 55 00:02:36,770 --> 00:02:34,680 entrepreneurship uh and this is Dr 56 00:02:39,710 --> 00:02:36,780 sanjoy Sam who's rejoining me here again 57 00:02:41,270 --> 00:02:39,720 for ask an astrobiologist Dr Sam is a 58 00:02:43,250 --> 00:02:41,280 scientist an engineer and social 59 00:02:46,309 --> 00:02:43,260 entrepreneur who's passionate about 60 00:02:48,530 --> 00:02:46,319 space exploration and astrobiology 61 00:02:50,330 --> 00:02:48,540 um and so welcome to the show sanjoy 62 00:02:52,369 --> 00:02:50,340 thank you so much for joining us 63 00:02:53,930 --> 00:02:52,379 so great to be background hello to you 64 00:02:55,430 --> 00:02:53,940 hello to the team and hello to all of 65 00:02:57,589 --> 00:02:55,440 you who are watching it's such a 66 00:02:59,809 --> 00:02:57,599 privilege to be back and it's so great 67 00:03:01,490 --> 00:02:59,819 to have you son Joy you're you have such 68 00:03:03,710 --> 00:03:01,500 a huge background from engineering 69 00:03:05,750 --> 00:03:03,720 through science doing geochemistry 70 00:03:07,729 --> 00:03:05,760 studying thermodynamics and there's so 71 00:03:09,470 --> 00:03:07,739 much that you've done I actually want to 72 00:03:11,630 --> 00:03:09,480 start the show though talking about some 73 00:03:13,670 --> 00:03:11,640 of your work as an entrepreneur in 74 00:03:16,550 --> 00:03:13,680 developing Sega net and Blue Marble 75 00:03:18,710 --> 00:03:16,560 space and how you became an entrepreneur 76 00:03:20,750 --> 00:03:18,720 in your career 77 00:03:22,790 --> 00:03:20,760 talk about that it was not something I 78 00:03:24,649 --> 00:03:22,800 really planned to begin with when I was 79 00:03:27,350 --> 00:03:24,659 a grad student I was very active in the 80 00:03:28,869 --> 00:03:27,360 space conference circuit and I give a 81 00:03:30,949 --> 00:03:28,879 presentation at the international 82 00:03:32,930 --> 00:03:30,959 astronautical Congress where I was 83 00:03:34,970 --> 00:03:32,940 advocating that 84 00:03:36,830 --> 00:03:34,980 um astronauts should wear a common 85 00:03:38,270 --> 00:03:36,840 symbol when exploring space so you know 86 00:03:40,130 --> 00:03:38,280 instead of their national flag or in 87 00:03:41,690 --> 00:03:40,140 addition to the national flag we're a 88 00:03:43,309 --> 00:03:41,700 symbol that really represents Humanity 89 00:03:45,410 --> 00:03:43,319 because once they're in space they're 90 00:03:47,330 --> 00:03:45,420 all ambassadors of planet Earth first 91 00:03:48,770 --> 00:03:47,340 and foremost and then of course um 92 00:03:50,270 --> 00:03:48,780 representatives of their home Nations 93 00:03:51,949 --> 00:03:50,280 but first and foremost they're 94 00:03:53,390 --> 00:03:51,959 ambassadors of planet Earth so 95 00:03:55,130 --> 00:03:53,400 surprisingly the talk was really well 96 00:03:56,809 --> 00:03:55,140 received I got some really good feedback 97 00:03:58,729 --> 00:03:56,819 and that the plundery session during 98 00:04:00,229 --> 00:03:58,739 that conference 99 00:04:01,789 --> 00:04:00,239 um there was some important head of 100 00:04:04,190 --> 00:04:01,799 space agencies as giving presentation 101 00:04:06,649 --> 00:04:04,200 and during the Q a session somebody 102 00:04:08,869 --> 00:04:06,659 asked him what flag should Humanity 103 00:04:11,149 --> 00:04:08,879 return to the moon when Humanity does in 104 00:04:14,330 --> 00:04:11,159 fact return to the moon and he answered 105 00:04:16,069 --> 00:04:14,340 uh all the flags of all the nations so I 106 00:04:18,770 --> 00:04:16,079 giant face pound myself because like 107 00:04:20,509 --> 00:04:18,780 that seems very impractical so but I 108 00:04:22,670 --> 00:04:20,519 still had the flag for my presentation 109 00:04:24,590 --> 00:04:22,680 of like the the morning off which is 110 00:04:27,350 --> 00:04:24,600 just a picture of a picture of the Earth 111 00:04:28,730 --> 00:04:27,360 so I Rose my hand and somebody gave him 112 00:04:30,170 --> 00:04:28,740 the microphone and I said well what 113 00:04:32,270 --> 00:04:30,180 about this flag I kind of showed it to 114 00:04:33,830 --> 00:04:32,280 everybody in the audience and to the to 115 00:04:35,570 --> 00:04:33,840 the speaker and like to my biggest 116 00:04:37,310 --> 00:04:35,580 surprise the entire audience started 117 00:04:38,150 --> 00:04:37,320 clapping like it really resonated with 118 00:04:40,010 --> 00:04:38,160 people 119 00:04:41,749 --> 00:04:40,020 so I went to the stage and gave him the 120 00:04:42,830 --> 00:04:41,759 flag and once I got back home I was 121 00:04:44,030 --> 00:04:42,840 thinking more about this moment because 122 00:04:45,770 --> 00:04:44,040 it's one of those few moments in life 123 00:04:48,290 --> 00:04:45,780 that kind of shake your soul a little 124 00:04:50,990 --> 00:04:48,300 bit and uh I decided to go to this 125 00:04:53,270 --> 00:04:51,000 decided to see how far this idea will go 126 00:04:55,670 --> 00:04:53,280 so I started with Rumble space and as an 127 00:04:57,770 --> 00:04:55,680 organization as a non-profit um to push 128 00:05:00,230 --> 00:04:57,780 this idea so to sell flags and stickers 129 00:05:03,170 --> 00:05:00,240 and patches to promote a common symbol 130 00:05:04,430 --> 00:05:03,180 of international unity in Exploration I 131 00:05:06,110 --> 00:05:04,440 wrote a paper that was published in 132 00:05:08,390 --> 00:05:06,120 space policy which is still I think the 133 00:05:10,550 --> 00:05:08,400 only paper peer-reviewed paper that has 134 00:05:12,590 --> 00:05:10,560 such a symbol as a proposition for 135 00:05:16,610 --> 00:05:12,600 Humanity and things kind of took off 136 00:05:19,670 --> 00:05:16,620 from there you know in after finishing a 137 00:05:21,050 --> 00:05:19,680 PhD and a postdoc I had a drink with my 138 00:05:22,730 --> 00:05:21,060 close colleague and good friend Jacob 139 00:05:25,070 --> 00:05:22,740 hack misra deciding what do we want to 140 00:05:26,810 --> 00:05:25,080 do with our career and uh we thought 141 00:05:28,909 --> 00:05:26,820 that starting a non-profit that really 142 00:05:30,409 --> 00:05:28,919 focuses on the human aspect of Science 143 00:05:32,090 --> 00:05:30,419 and science communication and getting 144 00:05:33,350 --> 00:05:32,100 people excited about science was 145 00:05:34,850 --> 00:05:33,360 something different that didn't quite 146 00:05:36,469 --> 00:05:34,860 exist yet where you know science 147 00:05:38,150 --> 00:05:36,479 communication is really built into the 148 00:05:41,150 --> 00:05:38,160 fabric of the organization 149 00:05:42,529 --> 00:05:41,160 and uh learned how to you know do 150 00:05:43,969 --> 00:05:42,539 business with the government and then I 151 00:05:46,370 --> 00:05:43,979 went to do business school while doing 152 00:05:47,810 --> 00:05:46,380 my postdoc evening classes kind of learn 153 00:05:49,969 --> 00:05:47,820 the language of business accounting 154 00:05:51,830 --> 00:05:49,979 Finance operations all that things and 155 00:05:53,510 --> 00:05:51,840 then went for it and here we are you 156 00:05:55,189 --> 00:05:53,520 know it's 12 years later and it's still 157 00:05:56,870 --> 00:05:55,199 going strong and it's doing things that 158 00:05:59,330 --> 00:05:56,880 I could have never imagined 159 00:06:01,249 --> 00:05:59,340 no I love it so much and uh for our 160 00:06:03,050 --> 00:06:01,259 audience if you don't know uh I I joined 161 00:06:05,270 --> 00:06:03,060 Blue Marble space in 2017 after 162 00:06:06,650 --> 00:06:05,280 finishing my PhD and became the director 163 00:06:08,689 --> 00:06:06,660 of communications and marketing for the 164 00:06:11,150 --> 00:06:08,699 organization uh you can learn more about 165 00:06:12,590 --> 00:06:11,160 Blue Marble space at bluemarlespace.org 166 00:06:15,710 --> 00:06:12,600 as well as the Blue Marble space 167 00:06:17,029 --> 00:06:15,720 Institute of science at bmsis.org 168 00:06:18,950 --> 00:06:17,039 um and so it's interesting to see you 169 00:06:20,210 --> 00:06:18,960 know this this pivotal moment in your 170 00:06:22,430 --> 00:06:20,220 career and I actually I actually happen 171 00:06:24,950 --> 00:06:22,440 to have my flag patch right here there 172 00:06:26,330 --> 00:06:24,960 you go awesome of our Earth 173 00:06:27,770 --> 00:06:26,340 um in that moment where you shared that 174 00:06:29,150 --> 00:06:27,780 flag was like that that precipitous 175 00:06:30,890 --> 00:06:29,160 moment in your life that kind of 176 00:06:32,990 --> 00:06:30,900 impacted you to make this big change and 177 00:06:34,790 --> 00:06:33,000 become a social entrepreneur and create 178 00:06:36,170 --> 00:06:34,800 an organization that 179 00:06:37,430 --> 00:06:36,180 um you know not only the scientists that 180 00:06:39,650 --> 00:06:37,440 we've served but also so many young 181 00:06:41,330 --> 00:06:39,660 students now from around the world have 182 00:06:43,430 --> 00:06:41,340 been part of Blue Marble space through 183 00:06:44,990 --> 00:06:43,440 the young scientists program through the 184 00:06:47,029 --> 00:06:45,000 visiting Scholars Program through 185 00:06:49,129 --> 00:06:47,039 various other opportunities that you've 186 00:06:51,650 --> 00:06:49,139 offered I wonder if you can speak for a 187 00:06:54,350 --> 00:06:51,660 moment to your vision for how important 188 00:06:56,870 --> 00:06:54,360 it is to bring in a younger Scholars 189 00:06:58,909 --> 00:06:56,880 younger researchers and and to Mentor 190 00:07:00,110 --> 00:06:58,919 them to become scientists and Engineers 191 00:07:01,550 --> 00:07:00,120 to the Future 192 00:07:03,890 --> 00:07:01,560 I think it's the most important thing we 193 00:07:06,170 --> 00:07:03,900 can do I mean science is a universal 194 00:07:07,610 --> 00:07:06,180 language of our society it doesn't 195 00:07:09,950 --> 00:07:07,620 matter what you believe 196 00:07:11,990 --> 00:07:09,960 what language you speak what the color 197 00:07:13,610 --> 00:07:12,000 of your skin is science brings us 198 00:07:15,590 --> 00:07:13,620 together is a there's one way of 199 00:07:18,050 --> 00:07:15,600 understanding the world that provides 200 00:07:20,870 --> 00:07:18,060 progress to to society 201 00:07:22,730 --> 00:07:20,880 um and you know it's bringing these 202 00:07:24,529 --> 00:07:22,740 these kids together from all over the 203 00:07:26,210 --> 00:07:24,539 world to work together for a summer at 204 00:07:28,189 --> 00:07:26,220 least in our young scientist program and 205 00:07:30,710 --> 00:07:28,199 bathe them in the spirit that by working 206 00:07:32,990 --> 00:07:30,720 together on common problems the 207 00:07:35,330 --> 00:07:33,000 diversity of your opinions into how that 208 00:07:36,830 --> 00:07:35,340 problem should be solved enhance the 209 00:07:38,930 --> 00:07:36,840 quality of the work and the potential 210 00:07:40,730 --> 00:07:38,940 solution to address this problem so I 211 00:07:42,230 --> 00:07:40,740 think like getting more and more people 212 00:07:44,629 --> 00:07:42,240 from all over the world to do scientific 213 00:07:46,189 --> 00:07:44,639 research is kind of bring Humanity 214 00:07:47,330 --> 00:07:46,199 together and by goodness do we need that 215 00:07:49,730 --> 00:07:47,340 these days 216 00:07:51,529 --> 00:07:49,740 absolutely and I didn't mention in your 217 00:07:53,629 --> 00:07:51,539 introduction your background you started 218 00:07:55,010 --> 00:07:53,639 off in engineering you started off 219 00:07:56,749 --> 00:07:55,020 studying aerospace engineering you 220 00:07:58,969 --> 00:07:56,759 earned your Bachelor's in 2002 from fit 221 00:08:01,129 --> 00:07:58,979 in 2004 you earned a master's from 222 00:08:02,689 --> 00:08:01,139 University of Washington uh also in the 223 00:08:04,730 --> 00:08:02,699 realm of Aeronautics and astronautics 224 00:08:06,830 --> 00:08:04,740 and then you made the switch over to 225 00:08:09,650 --> 00:08:06,840 doing geological Sciences planetary 226 00:08:11,570 --> 00:08:09,660 sciences and astrobiology for your PhD 227 00:08:13,309 --> 00:08:11,580 at the University of Washington I'm 228 00:08:15,290 --> 00:08:13,319 wondering you know what what intrigued 229 00:08:18,050 --> 00:08:15,300 you in making that switch from from 230 00:08:19,850 --> 00:08:18,060 aerospace engineering uh moving over to 231 00:08:21,710 --> 00:08:19,860 the Sciences for your PhD 232 00:08:22,850 --> 00:08:21,720 it's again one of these moments that 233 00:08:25,490 --> 00:08:22,860 happened in your life that you didn't 234 00:08:28,990 --> 00:08:25,500 quite expect so I was very happy as an 235 00:08:32,570 --> 00:08:29,000 aerospace engineer I was doing a 236 00:08:34,250 --> 00:08:32,580 focus in in fluid mechanics that is the 237 00:08:35,870 --> 00:08:34,260 physics of air and water and the 238 00:08:37,730 --> 00:08:35,880 department required taking classes 239 00:08:40,250 --> 00:08:37,740 outside of the department but in the 240 00:08:41,870 --> 00:08:40,260 same general realm so University of 241 00:08:44,570 --> 00:08:41,880 Washington has a fantastic atmospheric 242 00:08:46,850 --> 00:08:44,580 sciences department so I looked I signed 243 00:08:49,070 --> 00:08:46,860 up for a class in planetary atmospheres 244 00:08:51,170 --> 00:08:49,080 and the professor for that class uh 245 00:08:53,150 --> 00:08:51,180 Professor David catling is an 246 00:08:54,650 --> 00:08:53,160 astrobiologist and I had never heard the 247 00:08:56,509 --> 00:08:54,660 term Master biology right I discovered 248 00:08:57,590 --> 00:08:56,519 it quite late in my academic career I 249 00:08:59,090 --> 00:08:57,600 was like halfway through a masters 250 00:09:01,550 --> 00:08:59,100 before I learned what astrophology was 251 00:09:03,470 --> 00:09:01,560 and so he thought that class was that 252 00:09:05,630 --> 00:09:03,480 spirit and that completely blew my mind 253 00:09:07,190 --> 00:09:05,640 and I remember like spending all my time 254 00:09:09,829 --> 00:09:07,200 working on the paper for that class 255 00:09:12,170 --> 00:09:09,839 which was on the topic of water on Mars 256 00:09:13,790 --> 00:09:12,180 and kind of neglecting my not neglecting 257 00:09:15,829 --> 00:09:13,800 but not spending as much effort on the 258 00:09:17,990 --> 00:09:15,839 engineering classes and that got my head 259 00:09:19,310 --> 00:09:18,000 turning it's like oh my gosh like this 260 00:09:21,170 --> 00:09:19,320 is like what should I do what should I 261 00:09:23,090 --> 00:09:21,180 do kind of had quarter life crisis I 262 00:09:25,070 --> 00:09:23,100 guess I could say and then I made the 263 00:09:27,650 --> 00:09:25,080 decisions like okay ultimately you want 264 00:09:29,509 --> 00:09:27,660 to be excited about what you study and 265 00:09:31,850 --> 00:09:29,519 um and this new field of astrobiology 266 00:09:34,970 --> 00:09:31,860 because it's so much philosophical as 267 00:09:37,430 --> 00:09:34,980 well as rigorous really attracted me and 268 00:09:39,949 --> 00:09:37,440 so I decided to finish the Masters and 269 00:09:41,630 --> 00:09:39,959 start a PhD in a discipline I knew 270 00:09:43,910 --> 00:09:41,640 nothing of I didn't know anything about 271 00:09:46,730 --> 00:09:43,920 geology or geophysics or astrobiology 272 00:09:48,350 --> 00:09:46,740 but I had incredible support from my 273 00:09:50,810 --> 00:09:48,360 mentors at the University there who 274 00:09:52,070 --> 00:09:50,820 believed in me and they didn't have to I 275 00:09:54,769 --> 00:09:52,080 was really a liability when I first 276 00:09:57,230 --> 00:09:54,779 started but they believed in me and I'm 277 00:09:59,630 --> 00:09:57,240 still grateful very much to this day and 278 00:10:02,030 --> 00:09:59,640 you know loaded myself as classes I was 279 00:10:04,370 --> 00:10:02,040 finishing my my masters while at the 280 00:10:06,350 --> 00:10:04,380 same time starting the PHD loaded myself 281 00:10:08,389 --> 00:10:06,360 with classes for like for like two or 282 00:10:10,190 --> 00:10:08,399 three years I was taking introduction to 283 00:10:11,630 --> 00:10:10,200 geology you know as a freshman you know 284 00:10:14,150 --> 00:10:11,640 just like really loading myself with 285 00:10:15,290 --> 00:10:14,160 classes and I just loved every single 286 00:10:17,210 --> 00:10:15,300 one of them it was just so interesting 287 00:10:19,490 --> 00:10:17,220 so that that made me realize I made the 288 00:10:21,230 --> 00:10:19,500 right choice and I just went from there 289 00:10:23,990 --> 00:10:21,240 you know I still managed to finish in 290 00:10:25,970 --> 00:10:24,000 six years or that was a lot of work but 291 00:10:27,590 --> 00:10:25,980 um you know I don't regret it since I 292 00:10:30,829 --> 00:10:27,600 think the background in engineering and 293 00:10:32,449 --> 00:10:30,839 the PHD in science gives me a niche in 294 00:10:34,370 --> 00:10:32,459 how I approach problems that's perhaps 295 00:10:36,170 --> 00:10:34,380 different than a lot of scientists and 296 00:10:38,750 --> 00:10:36,180 yeah it's been working out well for me 297 00:10:40,190 --> 00:10:38,760 so far yeah I love it I can definitely 298 00:10:42,350 --> 00:10:40,200 sympathize too when I first started my 299 00:10:44,329 --> 00:10:42,360 PhD in geology I only had three 300 00:10:46,370 --> 00:10:44,339 undergrad courses in the earth Sciences 301 00:10:48,530 --> 00:10:46,380 at that point and so it was a slog it 302 00:10:49,910 --> 00:10:48,540 was it was a lot to catch up but um you 303 00:10:51,410 --> 00:10:49,920 know but for everyone out there you can 304 00:10:53,329 --> 00:10:51,420 make a change in your career you're 305 00:10:55,370 --> 00:10:53,339 never stuck in One path or One Direction 306 00:10:57,590 --> 00:10:55,380 uh it's always up to you where you 307 00:10:59,030 --> 00:10:57,600 choose to meander in your careers uh 308 00:11:01,130 --> 00:10:59,040 sanjoy I do want to talk a little bit 309 00:11:02,930 --> 00:11:01,140 about your research here while we have 310 00:11:04,730 --> 00:11:02,940 some time before talking a bit about the 311 00:11:06,170 --> 00:11:04,740 ask an astrobiologist show and its 312 00:11:07,670 --> 00:11:06,180 history and a bit more about you 313 00:11:09,110 --> 00:11:07,680 personally 314 00:11:10,250 --> 00:11:09,120 um and leading up to the show you and I 315 00:11:11,329 --> 00:11:10,260 were discussing your research and you 316 00:11:13,310 --> 00:11:11,339 said something that I really want to 317 00:11:15,170 --> 00:11:13,320 draw out here a little bit you mentioned 318 00:11:17,509 --> 00:11:15,180 that part of your work is quantifying 319 00:11:19,190 --> 00:11:17,519 the concept of habitability and I really 320 00:11:21,410 --> 00:11:19,200 wanna I wanna hear you in your words 321 00:11:24,170 --> 00:11:21,420 explain what that means to our audience 322 00:11:25,850 --> 00:11:24,180 and the research that you do sure yeah 323 00:11:27,650 --> 00:11:25,860 happy too um it's funny because my 324 00:11:28,790 --> 00:11:27,660 postdoc had nothing to do with my PhD I 325 00:11:30,470 --> 00:11:28,800 kind of like doing these things I was 326 00:11:32,329 --> 00:11:30,480 like oh I find a new something shiny and 327 00:11:33,350 --> 00:11:32,339 and you know the tools of science teach 328 00:11:34,430 --> 00:11:33,360 you how to solve a problem doesn't 329 00:11:36,769 --> 00:11:34,440 really matter what the problem is 330 00:11:38,329 --> 00:11:36,779 knowledge you can acquire and then solve 331 00:11:40,550 --> 00:11:38,339 the problems as it comes along 332 00:11:43,970 --> 00:11:40,560 quantifying the concept of habitability 333 00:11:46,790 --> 00:11:43,980 means that you essentially treat life 334 00:11:48,350 --> 00:11:46,800 like a light bulb so in order for a 335 00:11:50,750 --> 00:11:48,360 light bulb to shine you need to 336 00:11:53,269 --> 00:11:50,760 understand the electrical circuit that's 337 00:11:55,790 --> 00:11:53,279 providing energy to the bulb in the same 338 00:11:58,310 --> 00:11:55,800 way the environment provides energy to 339 00:12:01,069 --> 00:11:58,320 biology so I do the same coupling 340 00:12:03,590 --> 00:12:01,079 voltage and current uh from the natural 341 00:12:06,650 --> 00:12:03,600 environment delivered to biological 342 00:12:10,069 --> 00:12:06,660 systems so you can calculate 343 00:12:13,069 --> 00:12:10,079 um given what is dissolved in water what 344 00:12:14,750 --> 00:12:13,079 the voltage is for biology and it's 345 00:12:17,269 --> 00:12:14,760 important to talk about what's dissolved 346 00:12:19,970 --> 00:12:17,279 in water because Water by itself is kind 347 00:12:21,590 --> 00:12:19,980 of not habitable it's really the the 348 00:12:23,690 --> 00:12:21,600 energy that's provided by the stuff 349 00:12:26,210 --> 00:12:23,700 that's dissolved in water that biology 350 00:12:29,509 --> 00:12:26,220 can take advantage of and that gives you 351 00:12:31,670 --> 00:12:29,519 the voltage in terms of the current you 352 00:12:34,430 --> 00:12:31,680 have to think about how that material 353 00:12:36,829 --> 00:12:34,440 gets delivered inside a biological cell 354 00:12:38,449 --> 00:12:36,839 so in order to be quantitative about it 355 00:12:41,449 --> 00:12:38,459 I'm trying to think of the simplest cell 356 00:12:44,269 --> 00:12:41,459 possible that delivers that rather 357 00:12:46,790 --> 00:12:44,279 uptakes into the cell from the outside 358 00:12:47,930 --> 00:12:46,800 via simple diffusion processes but 359 00:12:50,509 --> 00:12:47,940 that's the most simple way to think 360 00:12:52,430 --> 00:12:50,519 about it because many biological cells 361 00:12:54,050 --> 00:12:52,440 you know have active Transporters in 362 00:12:55,850 --> 00:12:54,060 their cell membrane and that complicates 363 00:12:57,530 --> 00:12:55,860 the mathematics tremendously however 364 00:12:59,509 --> 00:12:57,540 diffusion you know we can also solve a 365 00:13:01,730 --> 00:12:59,519 diffusion equation it's it's it's a Well 366 00:13:04,190 --> 00:13:01,740 understood equation that can be 367 00:13:06,470 --> 00:13:04,200 tractable computationally so you you 368 00:13:08,509 --> 00:13:06,480 simulate the diffusion of stuff into the 369 00:13:10,850 --> 00:13:08,519 cell so in particular I'm interested in 370 00:13:13,129 --> 00:13:10,860 hydrogen and CO2 which are two very 371 00:13:15,110 --> 00:13:13,139 simple molecules that are neutral so 372 00:13:16,610 --> 00:13:15,120 they defeat they basically don't see the 373 00:13:19,009 --> 00:13:16,620 the cell membrane just diffuse right 374 00:13:21,590 --> 00:13:19,019 through which simplifies the math 375 00:13:24,410 --> 00:13:21,600 and um and and yeah so you have to also 376 00:13:27,410 --> 00:13:24,420 think about well at what rate do they 377 00:13:29,569 --> 00:13:27,420 use do they uh you know uh do the 378 00:13:33,710 --> 00:13:29,579 enzymes process the carbon or the 379 00:13:35,870 --> 00:13:33,720 hydrogen and the rates are you know it's 380 00:13:37,430 --> 00:13:35,880 a lot of studies on Earth that that have 381 00:13:39,889 --> 00:13:37,440 assessed what those rates are but 382 00:13:41,690 --> 00:13:39,899 thinking about astrobiology that might 383 00:13:43,250 --> 00:13:41,700 not necessarily operate with the same 384 00:13:44,870 --> 00:13:43,260 rate to kind of look at different kinds 385 00:13:47,150 --> 00:13:44,880 of rates the kinds of cell size because 386 00:13:49,129 --> 00:13:47,160 that's that affects the input of stuff 387 00:13:50,449 --> 00:13:49,139 in the in the cell as well and so you 388 00:13:53,030 --> 00:13:50,459 can make these quantitative links 389 00:13:54,949 --> 00:13:53,040 between between how to deliver these 390 00:13:56,329 --> 00:13:54,959 stuff that's dissolved in the water and 391 00:13:58,970 --> 00:13:56,339 had that stuff that dissolved and water 392 00:14:00,230 --> 00:13:58,980 gets absorbed by the by the cell so then 393 00:14:03,290 --> 00:14:00,240 you can say oh yeah there's this much 394 00:14:06,230 --> 00:14:03,300 energy in in the in the in the system 395 00:14:08,329 --> 00:14:06,240 you can expect a doubling time based on 396 00:14:10,370 --> 00:14:08,339 that energy for the cells of this much 397 00:14:12,530 --> 00:14:10,380 and eventually I would like to get from 398 00:14:14,990 --> 00:14:12,540 go from the energy of the environment to 399 00:14:16,730 --> 00:14:15,000 the potential biomass that it can hold 400 00:14:18,829 --> 00:14:16,740 working towards that but right now 401 00:14:20,750 --> 00:14:18,839 really focusing on the the electrical 402 00:14:22,009 --> 00:14:20,760 analogy of the the environment for 403 00:14:24,110 --> 00:14:22,019 biology 404 00:14:26,150 --> 00:14:24,120 awesome and so and you've done you know 405 00:14:27,410 --> 00:14:26,160 work on on systems here on Earth looking 406 00:14:29,329 --> 00:14:27,420 at this and these you know 407 00:14:31,370 --> 00:14:29,339 serpentinizing systems where water and 408 00:14:32,629 --> 00:14:31,380 rock are reacting together 409 00:14:34,910 --> 00:14:32,639 um but you've also then considered how 410 00:14:37,069 --> 00:14:34,920 this might apply to Ocean worlds as well 411 00:14:39,470 --> 00:14:37,079 to these oceans in places like Europa 412 00:14:41,449 --> 00:14:39,480 and Enceladus and these other worlds 413 00:14:42,829 --> 00:14:41,459 um I do know one thing about you and it 414 00:14:44,870 --> 00:14:42,839 said something that all of the grad 415 00:14:47,750 --> 00:14:44,880 students at UW and astrobiology get to 416 00:14:49,610 --> 00:14:47,760 do is to go on a submersible and to to 417 00:14:50,870 --> 00:14:49,620 learn about ocean science 418 00:14:52,910 --> 00:14:50,880 um I wonder if you can talk about that 419 00:14:55,610 --> 00:14:52,920 for us and what that experience is like 420 00:14:57,050 --> 00:14:55,620 yeah happy to um it was definitely not 421 00:14:58,610 --> 00:14:57,060 something that all grass students got to 422 00:14:59,870 --> 00:14:58,620 do I was very lucky 423 00:15:03,110 --> 00:14:59,880 um part of the astrobiology program 424 00:15:05,090 --> 00:15:03,120 there uh we have to do a rotation in 425 00:15:06,350 --> 00:15:05,100 Labs that have nothing to do with our 426 00:15:08,230 --> 00:15:06,360 our work 427 00:15:11,269 --> 00:15:08,240 so I volunteered in a 428 00:15:13,850 --> 00:15:11,279 thermophile lab so it was a lab of Dr 429 00:15:17,269 --> 00:15:13,860 John Barris who was studying 430 00:15:18,530 --> 00:15:17,279 um how life thrives in hot and warm and 431 00:15:20,990 --> 00:15:18,540 hot environments 432 00:15:22,490 --> 00:15:21,000 and so um amazingly 433 00:15:23,269 --> 00:15:22,500 um there was an opportunity to go on a 434 00:15:25,670 --> 00:15:23,279 cruise 435 00:15:29,269 --> 00:15:25,680 which is a vessel that goes to a site of 436 00:15:31,850 --> 00:15:29,279 hydrothermal activity and the vessel had 437 00:15:33,470 --> 00:15:31,860 on that first time I went had not Alvin 438 00:15:35,629 --> 00:15:33,480 the submersible but Jason which is the 439 00:15:37,189 --> 00:15:35,639 ROV the robot 440 00:15:38,750 --> 00:15:37,199 and that was already incredible you know 441 00:15:40,730 --> 00:15:38,760 in a control room and you can see the 442 00:15:42,170 --> 00:15:40,740 pilots operating this robot live on the 443 00:15:43,910 --> 00:15:42,180 sea floor and you can see these 444 00:15:45,710 --> 00:15:43,920 incredible vents coming out and they're 445 00:15:48,050 --> 00:15:45,720 sampling and everything and when that 446 00:15:50,870 --> 00:15:48,060 vessel came out or the when Jason came 447 00:15:53,449 --> 00:15:50,880 back on Deck I had to rush to the boats 448 00:15:55,009 --> 00:15:53,459 and grab the samples and inject 449 00:15:57,110 --> 00:15:55,019 everything in my test tubes that were 450 00:15:59,689 --> 00:15:57,120 previously prepared to see what actually 451 00:16:02,210 --> 00:15:59,699 grew and uh had a great experience there 452 00:16:04,189 --> 00:16:02,220 I was invited back the following year on 453 00:16:07,189 --> 00:16:04,199 another Cruise which had Alba in the 454 00:16:08,930 --> 00:16:07,199 summer summer school and I was talking 455 00:16:10,970 --> 00:16:08,940 with the pi saying you know I do a lot 456 00:16:13,430 --> 00:16:10,980 of communication science communication 457 00:16:15,350 --> 00:16:13,440 and I have a one of my message is that 458 00:16:17,090 --> 00:16:15,360 it's it's really powerful to go into 459 00:16:19,670 --> 00:16:17,100 space because of this concept called the 460 00:16:21,290 --> 00:16:19,680 overview effects and that kind of the 461 00:16:23,030 --> 00:16:21,300 realization that we're all kind of 462 00:16:25,310 --> 00:16:23,040 living on this tiny small blue marble 463 00:16:27,230 --> 00:16:25,320 together and we better cooperate if we 464 00:16:28,610 --> 00:16:27,240 already want to get anywhere but I 465 00:16:30,949 --> 00:16:28,620 didn't know how to express what it was 466 00:16:32,509 --> 00:16:30,959 like to be in space 467 00:16:34,370 --> 00:16:32,519 um so the closest city can be is 468 00:16:35,750 --> 00:16:34,380 actually in a submersible sitting on the 469 00:16:37,730 --> 00:16:35,760 ocean floor because there's like a 470 00:16:40,670 --> 00:16:37,740 window this thick that separates you 471 00:16:41,749 --> 00:16:40,680 from certain death and 472 00:16:44,870 --> 00:16:41,759 um I was of course on the scientific 473 00:16:47,810 --> 00:16:44,880 crew of the boat and so he kicks the pi 474 00:16:50,810 --> 00:16:47,820 um Jim Holden at UMass Amherst allowed 475 00:16:52,610 --> 00:16:50,820 me to be part of the crew on one dive on 476 00:16:54,050 --> 00:16:52,620 Alvin and so we spent eight hours on the 477 00:16:56,629 --> 00:16:54,060 sea floor great day to spend the day in 478 00:16:58,610 --> 00:16:56,639 the office and uh you know work to 479 00:16:59,930 --> 00:16:58,620 sample the different Vents and have to 480 00:17:01,910 --> 00:16:59,940 say like seeing an event in three 481 00:17:04,429 --> 00:17:01,920 dimensions with your own eyes as opposed 482 00:17:07,010 --> 00:17:04,439 to kind of 2D on a on that screen is is 483 00:17:09,650 --> 00:17:07,020 a whole new emotional experience the 484 00:17:11,569 --> 00:17:09,660 power that you feel of the of mother 485 00:17:12,710 --> 00:17:11,579 earth when you're down there similarly 486 00:17:14,870 --> 00:17:12,720 when you 487 00:17:15,890 --> 00:17:14,880 um I did some work in on Mount Etna 488 00:17:17,210 --> 00:17:15,900 where I was sitting on the creature of 489 00:17:20,030 --> 00:17:17,220 the volcano and the whole thing shakes 490 00:17:22,130 --> 00:17:20,040 like you also have this oh I respect so 491 00:17:24,650 --> 00:17:22,140 it was just really really powerful and 492 00:17:26,329 --> 00:17:24,660 so um yeah so you know spend eight hours 493 00:17:28,370 --> 00:17:26,339 on the sea floor collecting samples the 494 00:17:30,409 --> 00:17:28,380 way that crabs were waving back 495 00:17:32,090 --> 00:17:30,419 um just a really really incredible 496 00:17:33,950 --> 00:17:32,100 experience that I enjoy sharing about 497 00:17:35,630 --> 00:17:33,960 when I give out witch talks 498 00:17:36,770 --> 00:17:35,640 that's awesome 499 00:17:38,510 --> 00:17:36,780 um and there's so much to impact there 500 00:17:40,010 --> 00:17:38,520 that we can talk about I do want to come 501 00:17:42,590 --> 00:17:40,020 back around to this idea of like the 502 00:17:44,510 --> 00:17:42,600 impact of of the person who's exploring 503 00:17:46,070 --> 00:17:44,520 and in the environment and learning 504 00:17:47,570 --> 00:17:46,080 about these things but I want to come 505 00:17:48,770 --> 00:17:47,580 back to this idea of ocean worlds too 506 00:17:50,750 --> 00:17:48,780 you know like going down on the ocean 507 00:17:52,370 --> 00:17:50,760 floor we're learning about Earth's ocean 508 00:17:55,010 --> 00:17:52,380 but we're also learning about possible 509 00:17:56,810 --> 00:17:55,020 other oceans out there as well uh 510 00:17:59,810 --> 00:17:56,820 through the NASA astrobiology Twitter 511 00:18:02,270 --> 00:17:59,820 account which is at Nasa astrobio we 512 00:18:04,610 --> 00:18:02,280 asked our audience uh where they think 513 00:18:06,950 --> 00:18:04,620 NASA should focus our search for life 514 00:18:09,110 --> 00:18:06,960 and watery worlds next we gave the 515 00:18:11,210 --> 00:18:09,120 options of Europa Enceladus Titan or 516 00:18:14,029 --> 00:18:11,220 Triton of course people can always offer 517 00:18:16,310 --> 00:18:14,039 their own suggestions as well but of the 518 00:18:19,310 --> 00:18:16,320 respondents almost 50 percent a little 519 00:18:20,870 --> 00:18:19,320 over 45 percent said Europa is where we 520 00:18:22,789 --> 00:18:20,880 should Target life 521 00:18:24,850 --> 00:18:22,799 um do you think it's possible for a 522 00:18:27,590 --> 00:18:24,860 biosphere to exist in the Europa ocean 523 00:18:28,909 --> 00:18:27,600 uh and and if so uh can you envision 524 00:18:31,010 --> 00:18:28,919 what that might look like down there 525 00:18:31,909 --> 00:18:31,020 yeah I think it would be foolish not to 526 00:18:33,710 --> 00:18:31,919 think so 527 00:18:35,930 --> 00:18:33,720 um because our our understanding of life 528 00:18:37,250 --> 00:18:35,940 is very terrestrial based and if we 529 00:18:38,810 --> 00:18:37,260 think we're going to find earth type 530 00:18:40,490 --> 00:18:38,820 life elsewhere 531 00:18:42,110 --> 00:18:40,500 um that's good that's just hampers your 532 00:18:45,110 --> 00:18:42,120 imagination so 533 00:18:46,909 --> 00:18:45,120 chemistry is incredible the the energy 534 00:18:49,310 --> 00:18:46,919 that's released by water reacting with 535 00:18:51,409 --> 00:18:49,320 rock is is incredible that's certainly 536 00:18:53,930 --> 00:18:51,419 not limited to Earth so there is 537 00:18:57,350 --> 00:18:53,940 certainly energy on the sea floor uh of 538 00:18:59,630 --> 00:18:57,360 Europe and Enceladus and and there was 539 00:19:01,610 --> 00:18:59,640 that kind of energy on surface of Mars 540 00:19:04,130 --> 00:19:01,620 as well and so there's a lot of 541 00:19:06,650 --> 00:19:04,140 possibilities for life to have somehow 542 00:19:09,289 --> 00:19:06,660 uh developed whether it's flourished 543 00:19:10,669 --> 00:19:09,299 that I have no idea but at least develop 544 00:19:12,950 --> 00:19:10,679 like on Earth it seems like life 545 00:19:15,830 --> 00:19:12,960 developed really quickly when Earth and 546 00:19:17,750 --> 00:19:15,840 Mars were very similar and um you know 547 00:19:20,390 --> 00:19:17,760 one of the theories for the origin of 548 00:19:21,830 --> 00:19:20,400 life on Earth is in in Hot Springs and 549 00:19:23,990 --> 00:19:21,840 sorry not in Hot Springs and 550 00:19:26,270 --> 00:19:24,000 hydrothermal vents and so it's plausible 551 00:19:28,370 --> 00:19:26,280 to think that such activity exists on 552 00:19:31,490 --> 00:19:28,380 Europe and Enceladus and therefore this 553 00:19:34,730 --> 00:19:31,500 the environment that could be necessary 554 00:19:37,070 --> 00:19:34,740 to start those the basic chemistry uh is 555 00:19:38,990 --> 00:19:37,080 is prevalence in our solar system now 556 00:19:40,610 --> 00:19:39,000 the million dollar question is how do 557 00:19:43,430 --> 00:19:40,620 you go from like basic geochemical 558 00:19:45,350 --> 00:19:43,440 reactions to a chemical system capable 559 00:19:47,870 --> 00:19:45,360 of darwinian evolution that's like I 560 00:19:50,330 --> 00:19:47,880 have no idea but I think you need an 561 00:19:52,490 --> 00:19:50,340 environment that provides energy that 562 00:19:56,510 --> 00:19:52,500 provides perhaps different types of of 563 00:19:58,250 --> 00:19:56,520 settings and and so my my personal bet 564 00:20:00,650 --> 00:19:58,260 is I think we have better chance of 565 00:20:02,990 --> 00:20:00,660 finding life on on like in ancient 566 00:20:05,029 --> 00:20:03,000 sediments on Mars than we do on on 567 00:20:07,070 --> 00:20:05,039 Enceladus just because getting through 568 00:20:08,930 --> 00:20:07,080 that ice is going to be just a tedious 569 00:20:10,190 --> 00:20:08,940 work we'll get there eventually but not 570 00:20:11,390 --> 00:20:10,200 tomorrow 571 00:20:13,730 --> 00:20:11,400 um and so 572 00:20:16,310 --> 00:20:13,740 um yeah I think we have all the tools we 573 00:20:17,930 --> 00:20:16,320 need to make that discovery on on in our 574 00:20:19,250 --> 00:20:17,940 own solar system and I agree I think 575 00:20:22,250 --> 00:20:19,260 Europe that would be a fantastic place 576 00:20:25,070 --> 00:20:22,260 to to look for it let's not bias 577 00:20:27,289 --> 00:20:25,080 ourselves by what we know on Earth 578 00:20:29,150 --> 00:20:27,299 let's be creative let's not go into 579 00:20:30,590 --> 00:20:29,160 sci-fi we have to do science which is 580 00:20:32,029 --> 00:20:30,600 rigorous based on what we know but 581 00:20:35,150 --> 00:20:32,039 nonetheless let's really stretch our 582 00:20:36,830 --> 00:20:35,160 mind to think about what uh life could 583 00:20:38,150 --> 00:20:36,840 look like in those worlds 584 00:20:40,250 --> 00:20:38,160 yeah I love it you know without 585 00:20:42,470 --> 00:20:40,260 imagination science takes us nowhere we 586 00:20:43,789 --> 00:20:42,480 need to be able to dream and think 587 00:20:46,190 --> 00:20:43,799 um but also apply the rigorous 588 00:20:47,570 --> 00:20:46,200 techniques and tools of science 589 00:20:49,130 --> 00:20:47,580 um you know and there's so much you said 590 00:20:51,230 --> 00:20:49,140 there that I could talk about for hours 591 00:20:52,370 --> 00:20:51,240 with you and I have in the past um it's 592 00:20:53,450 --> 00:20:52,380 part of why we've been friends for so 593 00:20:54,950 --> 00:20:53,460 long now 594 00:20:56,930 --> 00:20:54,960 um I do want to talk about the show and 595 00:20:58,310 --> 00:20:56,940 it's history and you actually gave me a 596 00:21:01,190 --> 00:20:58,320 good little impetus there as well you 597 00:21:03,169 --> 00:21:01,200 you at first set it a set of these hot 598 00:21:05,330 --> 00:21:03,179 springs and then corrected yourself to 599 00:21:06,710 --> 00:21:05,340 hydrothermal vents but indeed there are 600 00:21:08,690 --> 00:21:06,720 some people who think that maybe life 601 00:21:11,330 --> 00:21:08,700 started on the land around Hot Springs 602 00:21:13,370 --> 00:21:11,340 instead of in hydrothermal vents or you 603 00:21:16,130 --> 00:21:13,380 know that life was brought to Earth uh 604 00:21:18,110 --> 00:21:16,140 from rocks from Mars or from Venus 605 00:21:21,470 --> 00:21:18,120 um there's a lot we don't know about 606 00:21:23,510 --> 00:21:21,480 what life is how life functions 607 00:21:25,730 --> 00:21:23,520 um especially beyond Earth if life is 608 00:21:27,590 --> 00:21:25,740 out there and so for me part of the 609 00:21:29,750 --> 00:21:27,600 beauty of a show like ask an 610 00:21:32,930 --> 00:21:29,760 astrobiologist is that it brings 611 00:21:35,510 --> 00:21:32,940 together so many of us who are studying 612 00:21:37,669 --> 00:21:35,520 this realm that this this realm of life 613 00:21:40,490 --> 00:21:37,679 from so many different different angles 614 00:21:42,830 --> 00:21:40,500 from geochemistry and and oceanographic 615 00:21:44,870 --> 00:21:42,840 science atmospheric science engineering 616 00:21:46,490 --> 00:21:44,880 those who are applying the humanities 617 00:21:48,710 --> 00:21:46,500 trying to understand the spiritual 618 00:21:50,690 --> 00:21:48,720 aspect of our pursuit to understand the 619 00:21:53,930 --> 00:21:50,700 nature of life you know this is now 620 00:21:56,029 --> 00:21:53,940 episode 54 of ask an astrobiologist and 621 00:21:58,310 --> 00:21:56,039 so first I'd love for you as the 622 00:22:01,610 --> 00:21:58,320 original host to give a little history 623 00:22:03,409 --> 00:22:01,620 of the show to our audience uh and then 624 00:22:05,270 --> 00:22:03,419 I'd love to hear your vision of what 625 00:22:06,890 --> 00:22:05,280 this show has done and of your own time 626 00:22:09,230 --> 00:22:06,900 as a host as well 627 00:22:10,549 --> 00:22:09,240 yeah so the show started um as a 628 00:22:12,529 --> 00:22:10,559 discussion between grass students about 629 00:22:14,630 --> 00:22:12,539 wanting to be more involved in science 630 00:22:17,149 --> 00:22:14,640 communication and sharing the excitement 631 00:22:18,950 --> 00:22:17,159 that astrobiology is and so through 632 00:22:21,350 --> 00:22:18,960 mobile space we launched this initiative 633 00:22:24,529 --> 00:22:21,360 called Sega net which was originally a 634 00:22:27,289 --> 00:22:24,539 platform it was back when when social 635 00:22:28,909 --> 00:22:27,299 media was cool like Facebook was just 636 00:22:30,289 --> 00:22:28,919 starting all this stuff and so it was 637 00:22:32,149 --> 00:22:30,299 always also its own social media 638 00:22:34,010 --> 00:22:32,159 platform where people could engage 639 00:22:36,590 --> 00:22:34,020 um and to create the show to create like 640 00:22:38,330 --> 00:22:36,600 a community of enthusiasts around 641 00:22:39,950 --> 00:22:38,340 astrobiology so not necessarily just 642 00:22:42,409 --> 00:22:39,960 scientist anybody who's excited about it 643 00:22:44,210 --> 00:22:42,419 and we tried different things to get 644 00:22:45,289 --> 00:22:44,220 people excited about the show we had a 645 00:22:46,850 --> 00:22:45,299 mentoring program which is really 646 00:22:48,409 --> 00:22:46,860 valuable that kind of translated into 647 00:22:51,169 --> 00:22:48,419 the young scientist program at rural 648 00:22:53,149 --> 00:22:51,179 space and Sega net started with um sorry 649 00:22:54,649 --> 00:22:53,159 not saying that yeah asking 650 00:22:56,930 --> 00:22:54,659 astrobiologist originally was called 651 00:22:59,690 --> 00:22:56,940 Talk to an astrobiologist and we had no 652 00:23:02,149 --> 00:22:59,700 budget and so the way it was done is it 653 00:23:03,850 --> 00:23:02,159 was just a one-way stream between the 654 00:23:07,310 --> 00:23:03,860 person who was interviewed 655 00:23:09,770 --> 00:23:07,320 on the second platform and the people 656 00:23:11,870 --> 00:23:09,780 including the host would engage with the 657 00:23:13,850 --> 00:23:11,880 with the person via chat so the person 658 00:23:16,490 --> 00:23:13,860 was talking and reading the questions 659 00:23:17,930 --> 00:23:16,500 via chat so it was it was it was it was 660 00:23:20,870 --> 00:23:17,940 clunky but it works like we did many 661 00:23:23,710 --> 00:23:20,880 many episodes like that and then 662 00:23:26,690 --> 00:23:23,720 um in in 2012 2013 something like that 663 00:23:30,409 --> 00:23:26,700 NASA approached us in wanting to support 664 00:23:32,029 --> 00:23:30,419 uh the activity uh with with a bit of 665 00:23:34,610 --> 00:23:32,039 funding with a bit of production help 666 00:23:37,190 --> 00:23:34,620 Mike toyan our incredible producer who's 667 00:23:39,470 --> 00:23:37,200 still involved got involved and brought 668 00:23:41,810 --> 00:23:39,480 the quality of the shows like to new 669 00:23:43,250 --> 00:23:41,820 heights and that's where we started 670 00:23:45,529 --> 00:23:43,260 having good technology to go back and 671 00:23:47,029 --> 00:23:45,539 forth you know like internet bandwidth 672 00:23:48,649 --> 00:23:47,039 was improving to the point that we could 673 00:23:51,890 --> 00:23:48,659 have video going back and forth and 674 00:23:53,690 --> 00:23:51,900 being smooth and uh it kind of grew from 675 00:23:55,789 --> 00:23:53,700 there you know and you got involved and 676 00:23:57,350 --> 00:23:55,799 and just immediately saw the talent that 677 00:23:59,029 --> 00:23:57,360 you have in science communication and it 678 00:24:00,950 --> 00:23:59,039 was time as Blue Marble space was 679 00:24:02,510 --> 00:24:00,960 growing my role as a business leader 680 00:24:05,029 --> 00:24:02,520 were changing and so it was a good time 681 00:24:06,950 --> 00:24:05,039 to transition the roles and you've all 682 00:24:08,750 --> 00:24:06,960 taken it to new stratospheric heights 683 00:24:11,029 --> 00:24:08,760 that I could not have myself 684 00:24:13,310 --> 00:24:11,039 so uh yeah it's been it's been well 10 685 00:24:15,350 --> 00:24:13,320 years I think now for for uh the show 686 00:24:17,210 --> 00:24:15,360 which is crazy yeah it's been a wild 687 00:24:19,130 --> 00:24:17,220 ride and we've had some really 688 00:24:21,169 --> 00:24:19,140 incredible moments along the way we did 689 00:24:23,810 --> 00:24:21,179 ask on the NASA astrobiology Twitter 690 00:24:25,370 --> 00:24:23,820 account uh some about people's favorite 691 00:24:26,750 --> 00:24:25,380 moments in the show and we had a few 692 00:24:28,610 --> 00:24:26,760 responses 693 00:24:30,890 --> 00:24:28,620 um you know I mentioned when hiroyuki 694 00:24:32,270 --> 00:24:30,900 kurokawa was on and kind of enlightened 695 00:24:34,250 --> 00:24:32,280 me to the possibility that there could 696 00:24:36,049 --> 00:24:34,260 be if there ever was Life on Mars 697 00:24:37,130 --> 00:24:36,059 ancient Martian life on the Moon of 698 00:24:38,330 --> 00:24:37,140 Phobos 699 00:24:39,710 --> 00:24:38,340 um that could have been Blast Off the 700 00:24:41,270 --> 00:24:39,720 surface of Mars 701 00:24:43,789 --> 00:24:41,280 um we heard from people like Jen blank 702 00:24:46,130 --> 00:24:43,799 and Mark Skidmore about the trials and 703 00:24:48,770 --> 00:24:46,140 tribulations of exploring in the field 704 00:24:52,070 --> 00:24:48,780 and doing field astrobiology uh Morgan 705 00:24:53,690 --> 00:24:52,080 cable from JPL joined us uh and talked 706 00:24:55,549 --> 00:24:53,700 about her hobby of mountain unicycling 707 00:24:57,710 --> 00:24:55,559 which everyone really loved 708 00:25:00,710 --> 00:24:57,720 um we also had Natalie Battaglia join us 709 00:25:02,450 --> 00:25:00,720 uh some know her uh as an astrophysicist 710 00:25:04,370 --> 00:25:02,460 who's done a lot of work on our space 711 00:25:06,409 --> 00:25:04,380 telescopes including now James Webb 712 00:25:08,570 --> 00:25:06,419 Space Telescope uh one quote from 713 00:25:10,669 --> 00:25:08,580 Natalie when she was on the show is for 714 00:25:12,890 --> 00:25:10,679 me me I couldn't get interested in 715 00:25:15,409 --> 00:25:12,900 science until I could connect to the 716 00:25:17,210 --> 00:25:15,419 Wonder of it all and poetry did that for 717 00:25:18,590 --> 00:25:17,220 me and so for those who watched that 718 00:25:20,690 --> 00:25:18,600 episode you might recall that Natalie 719 00:25:21,649 --> 00:25:20,700 and I discussed poetry she's been 720 00:25:24,830 --> 00:25:21,659 involved in something called the 721 00:25:26,630 --> 00:25:24,840 universe in verse with Maria Popova of 722 00:25:28,909 --> 00:25:26,640 the marginalian 723 00:25:31,850 --> 00:25:28,919 um where they share science and poetry 724 00:25:33,049 --> 00:25:31,860 together in a night of exploration 725 00:25:34,610 --> 00:25:33,059 um and we have some really interesting 726 00:25:36,890 --> 00:25:34,620 news to share on the show today that 727 00:25:39,890 --> 00:25:36,900 just was announced it was just announced 728 00:25:42,470 --> 00:25:39,900 that the U.S Poet Laureate Ada Limon is 729 00:25:45,049 --> 00:25:42,480 going to create a poem that's going to 730 00:25:47,269 --> 00:25:45,059 go to Jupiter and to Europa on the 731 00:25:48,529 --> 00:25:47,279 Europa Clipper spacecraft we don't know 732 00:25:49,850 --> 00:25:48,539 what the message is yet she hasn't 733 00:25:51,890 --> 00:25:49,860 written it yet at least to our knowledge 734 00:25:53,330 --> 00:25:51,900 but it'll be very cool to see what that 735 00:25:55,610 --> 00:25:53,340 poem becomes and so maybe in the near 736 00:25:57,890 --> 00:25:55,620 future we'll discuss this poem and and 737 00:25:59,690 --> 00:25:57,900 the impact of sharing the Poetry of 738 00:26:01,970 --> 00:25:59,700 exploration in space through ask an 739 00:26:04,310 --> 00:26:01,980 astrobiologists and so there's been so 740 00:26:05,930 --> 00:26:04,320 much we've done in this show over time 741 00:26:07,370 --> 00:26:05,940 um you know from some of our bloopers 742 00:26:09,529 --> 00:26:07,380 like just today we had some technical 743 00:26:11,450 --> 00:26:09,539 issues in the show getting started 744 00:26:12,470 --> 00:26:11,460 um to in the past well I remember sanjoy 745 00:26:14,210 --> 00:26:12,480 when you were the host there was a 746 00:26:16,310 --> 00:26:14,220 period where we had posters on the wall 747 00:26:17,870 --> 00:26:16,320 behind you and there was one time this 748 00:26:19,430 --> 00:26:17,880 poster like came kind of like folding 749 00:26:20,870 --> 00:26:19,440 off the wall from behind you right 750 00:26:22,010 --> 00:26:20,880 during the episode 751 00:26:23,990 --> 00:26:22,020 um we've certainly had issues during 752 00:26:24,950 --> 00:26:24,000 every single episode I've I've hosted as 753 00:26:26,450 --> 00:26:24,960 well 754 00:26:29,630 --> 00:26:26,460 um that's just part of the fun of live 755 00:26:31,610 --> 00:26:29,640 video I suppose absolutely um yeah and 756 00:26:33,110 --> 00:26:31,620 you know these fun things happen and so 757 00:26:34,430 --> 00:26:33,120 I kind of want to change a little bit 758 00:26:35,930 --> 00:26:34,440 before we open it up to the audience 759 00:26:37,970 --> 00:26:35,940 here and just hear a little bit about 760 00:26:39,169 --> 00:26:37,980 your personal story 761 00:26:41,750 --> 00:26:39,179 um I'd love to know a little bit about 762 00:26:44,390 --> 00:26:41,760 your background and really what got you 763 00:26:45,710 --> 00:26:44,400 inspired to be involved in space in the 764 00:26:48,350 --> 00:26:45,720 first place at all or to be involved in 765 00:26:50,810 --> 00:26:48,360 engineering or science at all 766 00:26:53,330 --> 00:26:50,820 yeah so I definitely 767 00:26:55,490 --> 00:26:53,340 got interested in Exploration before I 768 00:26:58,669 --> 00:26:55,500 got interested in space exploration 769 00:27:00,409 --> 00:26:58,679 the first novel that I read ever 770 00:27:03,289 --> 00:27:00,419 um was Around the World in 80 Days by 771 00:27:05,690 --> 00:27:03,299 Jules Verne and I became a Jules Verne 772 00:27:07,610 --> 00:27:05,700 fan you know I read all of his books in 773 00:27:09,649 --> 00:27:07,620 mysterious island 20 000 Leagues Under 774 00:27:10,730 --> 00:27:09,659 the Sea five five weeks in a balloon you 775 00:27:14,210 --> 00:27:10,740 know of course Around the World in 80 776 00:27:15,769 --> 00:27:14,220 Days and from Earth to the Moon and that 777 00:27:17,390 --> 00:27:15,779 really like got me thinking about like 778 00:27:18,649 --> 00:27:17,400 the engineering aspect of exploration 779 00:27:20,630 --> 00:27:18,659 that all the things you have to think 780 00:27:23,269 --> 00:27:20,640 about to make long Journeys 781 00:27:26,630 --> 00:27:23,279 and then um when I was around eight 782 00:27:27,830 --> 00:27:26,640 years old my parents uh offered me a 783 00:27:30,590 --> 00:27:27,840 little telescope 784 00:27:32,450 --> 00:27:30,600 and through that I saw the craters of 785 00:27:34,310 --> 00:27:32,460 the Moon for the first time the moons of 786 00:27:35,690 --> 00:27:34,320 Jupiter the rings of Saturn and he was 787 00:27:39,110 --> 00:27:35,700 like what is going on what is this world 788 00:27:40,789 --> 00:27:39,120 in the sky that had not seen before and 789 00:27:44,630 --> 00:27:40,799 um in whereas I grew up in Switzerland 790 00:27:46,190 --> 00:27:44,640 and Geneva Observatory is is fairly well 791 00:27:49,010 --> 00:27:46,200 known in the area and they had a group 792 00:27:51,950 --> 00:27:49,020 for enthusiasts to to join to go look at 793 00:27:53,750 --> 00:27:51,960 actual real telescope and I was by far 794 00:27:56,690 --> 00:27:53,760 the youngest participant there by far 795 00:27:58,250 --> 00:27:56,700 decades in terms of of participating in 796 00:28:00,830 --> 00:27:58,260 these evening shows you know and they 797 00:28:03,350 --> 00:28:00,840 were like late like 9 10 11 and you know 798 00:28:05,690 --> 00:28:03,360 when I was eight two I got tired but uh 799 00:28:07,610 --> 00:28:05,700 you know Mom came came with me and we I 800 00:28:09,950 --> 00:28:07,620 saw the bands of Jupiter for the first 801 00:28:11,450 --> 00:28:09,960 time and the details and it just 802 00:28:13,490 --> 00:28:11,460 absolutely blew my mind so I knew I was 803 00:28:15,590 --> 00:28:13,500 interested in space what aspects of 804 00:28:17,510 --> 00:28:15,600 space I don't know but I think like this 805 00:28:20,090 --> 00:28:17,520 murder of this interest from Jules Verne 806 00:28:22,490 --> 00:28:20,100 and this astronomy kind of directed me 807 00:28:24,230 --> 00:28:22,500 towards towards aerospace engineering my 808 00:28:26,269 --> 00:28:24,240 father worked for the aerospace 809 00:28:28,669 --> 00:28:26,279 engineering firms a lot of different 810 00:28:32,210 --> 00:28:28,679 factors that not necessarily kind of 811 00:28:35,149 --> 00:28:32,220 guided my path in in that that field 812 00:28:36,649 --> 00:28:35,159 and so that was not prevalent in in 813 00:28:39,830 --> 00:28:36,659 Switzerland aerospace engineering was 814 00:28:41,870 --> 00:28:39,840 not a major uh then it is now but not 815 00:28:44,269 --> 00:28:41,880 then and so deciding where I wanted to 816 00:28:45,950 --> 00:28:44,279 go I was kind of exploring of course the 817 00:28:48,409 --> 00:28:45,960 United States because of NASA the 818 00:28:50,090 --> 00:28:48,419 reputation of NASA just transcends the 819 00:28:53,269 --> 00:28:50,100 reputation of the United States 820 00:28:54,890 --> 00:28:53,279 um still today and at that time and when 821 00:28:56,630 --> 00:28:54,900 I was deciding what to do in terms of 822 00:28:59,149 --> 00:28:56,640 the university the the first Swiss 823 00:29:00,710 --> 00:28:59,159 astronaut uh politically it flew and of 824 00:29:03,890 --> 00:29:00,720 course made the headline news everywhere 825 00:29:06,230 --> 00:29:03,900 and I got to meet him like a few days 826 00:29:08,570 --> 00:29:06,240 before moving to the United States it's 827 00:29:12,049 --> 00:29:08,580 January 1999 he gave a talk in my 828 00:29:14,390 --> 00:29:12,059 Village and just wow extremely inspiring 829 00:29:16,310 --> 00:29:14,400 person showed pictures about him in 830 00:29:18,529 --> 00:29:16,320 space everything like okay this is it 831 00:29:20,210 --> 00:29:18,539 this is this is what I'm doing 832 00:29:22,850 --> 00:29:20,220 um but I've always you know kept an open 833 00:29:25,250 --> 00:29:22,860 eye about what interests me um I started 834 00:29:26,810 --> 00:29:25,260 my aerospace engineering Masters in 835 00:29:29,510 --> 00:29:26,820 plasma physics because I was interested 836 00:29:31,430 --> 00:29:29,520 in advanced space propulsion but there 837 00:29:34,130 --> 00:29:31,440 were difficulties in finding funding for 838 00:29:35,930 --> 00:29:34,140 me for my second year so I started 839 00:29:38,990 --> 00:29:35,940 knocking on doors and found this 840 00:29:41,330 --> 00:29:39,000 opportunity in in fluid dynamics and 841 00:29:43,070 --> 00:29:41,340 heat transfer through which I got into 842 00:29:45,049 --> 00:29:43,080 involved in planetary atmospheres and 843 00:29:46,549 --> 00:29:45,059 then how I discovered astrobiology so 844 00:29:49,250 --> 00:29:46,559 life is really not at all is a linear 845 00:29:51,590 --> 00:29:49,260 path right you stay open to what happens 846 00:29:53,210 --> 00:29:51,600 around you and even the postdoc only 847 00:29:54,769 --> 00:29:53,220 happened because I went to a seminar 848 00:29:56,210 --> 00:29:54,779 where my future postdoc advisor was 849 00:29:58,130 --> 00:29:56,220 giving a talk and I was just blown away 850 00:30:00,649 --> 00:29:58,140 by his presentation which had nothing to 851 00:30:03,350 --> 00:30:00,659 do with my PhD but nonetheless like this 852 00:30:05,090 --> 00:30:03,360 is fantastic and so I really followed 853 00:30:06,710 --> 00:30:05,100 learned and and was able to join this 854 00:30:08,510 --> 00:30:06,720 lab after a bit of convincing again very 855 00:30:10,669 --> 00:30:08,520 grateful that he took a Leap of Faith 856 00:30:12,649 --> 00:30:10,679 with me but we're still colleagues you 857 00:30:13,490 --> 00:30:12,659 know 10 years afterwards so it worked 858 00:30:16,430 --> 00:30:13,500 out 859 00:30:18,529 --> 00:30:16,440 so just you know having always I've 860 00:30:22,190 --> 00:30:18,539 always listened to what's exciting 861 00:30:24,230 --> 00:30:22,200 around me I never never felt fear 862 00:30:26,870 --> 00:30:24,240 towards stuff that seemed difficult 863 00:30:29,690 --> 00:30:26,880 because of community because of uh 864 00:30:31,850 --> 00:30:29,700 people I live with I work with friends 865 00:30:33,409 --> 00:30:31,860 you know you can do so much more with a 866 00:30:35,269 --> 00:30:33,419 group of people than the sum of the 867 00:30:36,950 --> 00:30:35,279 individual parts of the people and so 868 00:30:38,870 --> 00:30:36,960 that's what's also motivated me to to 869 00:30:41,810 --> 00:30:38,880 build this community of scientists at 870 00:30:43,730 --> 00:30:41,820 Blue Marble space um just because 871 00:30:45,590 --> 00:30:43,740 the sum of what we can do together is 872 00:30:47,930 --> 00:30:45,600 just extraordinary and so much more than 873 00:30:49,850 --> 00:30:47,940 again that we could do individually 874 00:30:51,110 --> 00:30:49,860 um so I'm disappearing in attention to 875 00:30:52,789 --> 00:30:51,120 your original question I'm sorry but 876 00:30:54,889 --> 00:30:52,799 hopefully they give you a feel about um 877 00:30:57,950 --> 00:30:54,899 kind of the path that I followed to uh 878 00:30:59,210 --> 00:30:57,960 to where I am today totally fine 879 00:31:01,070 --> 00:30:59,220 um I do want to get to our audience 880 00:31:03,230 --> 00:31:01,080 questions here soon we just have a 881 00:31:04,730 --> 00:31:03,240 slightly late start on today's episode 882 00:31:06,769 --> 00:31:04,740 um I do real quick before we do our 883 00:31:08,450 --> 00:31:06,779 faster than light segment I would love 884 00:31:11,570 --> 00:31:08,460 to have you tell the audience a little 885 00:31:13,190 --> 00:31:11,580 bit about your work in watchmaking 886 00:31:15,409 --> 00:31:13,200 um so I know that you've made watches 887 00:31:17,090 --> 00:31:15,419 that it's a it's a hobby of yours 888 00:31:19,430 --> 00:31:17,100 um I'd love to hear kind of what got you 889 00:31:21,649 --> 00:31:19,440 involved um in this kind of this side 890 00:31:22,669 --> 00:31:21,659 pursuit of of making watches in your 891 00:31:24,769 --> 00:31:22,679 spare time 892 00:31:26,690 --> 00:31:24,779 yeah I've really always been interested 893 00:31:28,190 --> 00:31:26,700 in horror some mechanical watches I 894 00:31:30,230 --> 00:31:28,200 don't care much for quartz watches um 895 00:31:32,389 --> 00:31:30,240 but mechanical watches and uh it really 896 00:31:34,250 --> 00:31:32,399 the hobby really took started during the 897 00:31:36,110 --> 00:31:34,260 pandemic I live in an apartment so I 898 00:31:38,630 --> 00:31:36,120 didn't have a lot of space for uh for 899 00:31:40,490 --> 00:31:38,640 hobby watchmaking is very small so I 900 00:31:42,470 --> 00:31:40,500 first started by just buying a kit and 901 00:31:43,789 --> 00:31:42,480 started putting it together and then I 902 00:31:45,289 --> 00:31:43,799 had all these Visions about how to make 903 00:31:46,370 --> 00:31:45,299 the kids better 904 00:31:48,950 --> 00:31:46,380 um so they're all stainless steel 905 00:31:51,230 --> 00:31:48,960 watches and then I've I found a local 906 00:31:54,409 --> 00:31:51,240 company in the Bay Area that 907 00:31:57,470 --> 00:31:54,419 industrially black oxidizes steel 908 00:32:00,529 --> 00:31:57,480 so I showed up with my watch cases and 909 00:32:02,029 --> 00:32:00,539 they're like what like come on give it a 910 00:32:04,310 --> 00:32:02,039 try you have nothing to lose you know 911 00:32:05,690 --> 00:32:04,320 I'll take the the costs fall out it 912 00:32:08,210 --> 00:32:05,700 doesn't work I'm just curious if it does 913 00:32:10,669 --> 00:32:08,220 and it did so there I got these these 914 00:32:12,049 --> 00:32:10,679 watch cases beautifully black oxidized I 915 00:32:13,970 --> 00:32:12,059 don't have the scales to build the 916 00:32:15,769 --> 00:32:13,980 individual gears and put them together I 917 00:32:18,049 --> 00:32:15,779 buy the movements already built which is 918 00:32:20,510 --> 00:32:18,059 good uh so it means the quality of the 919 00:32:22,130 --> 00:32:20,520 watches that I have are all excellent um 920 00:32:24,950 --> 00:32:22,140 so there are movements that are been 921 00:32:27,950 --> 00:32:24,960 manufactured on mass I'm no Patek 922 00:32:30,169 --> 00:32:27,960 Philippe right and so um but then I have 923 00:32:32,029 --> 00:32:30,179 a friend of mine who's a who's a she's a 924 00:32:34,610 --> 00:32:32,039 software engineer but she's also a an 925 00:32:37,070 --> 00:32:34,620 artist and she does the dials really 926 00:32:39,649 --> 00:32:37,080 beautiful very scaled painter who's 927 00:32:42,049 --> 00:32:39,659 really good at painting Birds and then 928 00:32:44,210 --> 00:32:42,059 based on the dial colors 929 00:32:46,070 --> 00:32:44,220 um I choose what kind of uh watch hands 930 00:32:48,289 --> 00:32:46,080 I want two hands three hands what color 931 00:32:49,669 --> 00:32:48,299 maybe the same color and then assemble 932 00:32:52,549 --> 00:32:49,679 everything together 933 00:32:54,710 --> 00:32:52,559 and so you know as a business leader and 934 00:32:56,450 --> 00:32:54,720 as a scientist my mind is all over the 935 00:32:59,269 --> 00:32:56,460 place during the day and sometimes I 936 00:33:02,090 --> 00:32:59,279 just need an ability to just refocus the 937 00:33:04,430 --> 00:33:02,100 Mind into a single task and watchmaking 938 00:33:06,470 --> 00:33:04,440 there's no way around it like if you're 939 00:33:08,570 --> 00:33:06,480 anxious or stressed or have your mind 940 00:33:09,830 --> 00:33:08,580 somewhere else the hands are just not 941 00:33:11,570 --> 00:33:09,840 gonna fit 942 00:33:13,730 --> 00:33:11,580 so it's a way it's almost meditation 943 00:33:15,470 --> 00:33:13,740 it's a meditative hobby essentially I 944 00:33:16,970 --> 00:33:15,480 think not to not think about it most of 945 00:33:19,009 --> 00:33:16,980 my hobbies are meditative they're just 946 00:33:22,250 --> 00:33:19,019 let the Mind do its thing and just focus 947 00:33:23,870 --> 00:33:22,260 and um it's been a joy you know to to to 948 00:33:25,130 --> 00:33:23,880 and then I started learning about the 949 00:33:27,470 --> 00:33:25,140 history of watchmaking which is very 950 00:33:29,210 --> 00:33:27,480 interesting as well and this is this 951 00:33:30,409 --> 00:33:29,220 other philosophical aspect that all the 952 00:33:31,970 --> 00:33:30,419 different pieces that go into a 953 00:33:34,730 --> 00:33:31,980 mechanical mechanical watches are just 954 00:33:36,169 --> 00:33:34,740 rubbish individually and we you put all 955 00:33:37,789 --> 00:33:36,179 these pieces together you have this 956 00:33:40,370 --> 00:33:37,799 intricate piece that tells the time very 957 00:33:42,649 --> 00:33:40,380 precisely it's kind of my wish for every 958 00:33:44,450 --> 00:33:42,659 organization where every person involved 959 00:33:46,730 --> 00:33:44,460 in the in the organization is one of 960 00:33:49,730 --> 00:33:46,740 those pieces and then together it just 961 00:33:52,370 --> 00:33:49,740 work like clockwork yeah I love it 962 00:33:54,169 --> 00:33:52,380 that's great the Buddha said before 963 00:33:56,450 --> 00:33:54,179 Enlightenment chop wood carry water 964 00:33:58,789 --> 00:33:56,460 after Enlightenment chalk would carry 965 00:34:00,169 --> 00:33:58,799 water and so for sanjoy Sam it's it's 966 00:34:01,970 --> 00:34:00,179 you know before Enlightenment and 967 00:34:03,950 --> 00:34:01,980 afterwards is to assemble the watch 968 00:34:05,509 --> 00:34:03,960 pieces and I love that I love it's very 969 00:34:06,769 --> 00:34:05,519 meditative for you 970 00:34:09,050 --> 00:34:06,779 um we are going to switch now to our 971 00:34:11,089 --> 00:34:09,060 faster than light segment I have a few 972 00:34:12,349 --> 00:34:11,099 quick questions each of them can be just 973 00:34:14,570 --> 00:34:12,359 short answers 974 00:34:16,310 --> 00:34:14,580 um you know 30 seconds to a minute 975 00:34:19,010 --> 00:34:16,320 um the very first one starts off with 976 00:34:20,629 --> 00:34:19,020 Enrico fermi's question so what is your 977 00:34:22,970 --> 00:34:20,639 favorite answer to fermi's question 978 00:34:24,710 --> 00:34:22,980 where are they 979 00:34:27,770 --> 00:34:24,720 my favorite answer is that they're 980 00:34:30,290 --> 00:34:27,780 watching us from above looking at us and 981 00:34:32,149 --> 00:34:30,300 like you guys are just not ready to be 982 00:34:35,030 --> 00:34:32,159 part of a community of Intergalactic 983 00:34:36,950 --> 00:34:35,040 species sorry keep working at it 984 00:34:38,629 --> 00:34:36,960 love it it's like the Star Trek right 985 00:34:40,849 --> 00:34:38,639 exactly we're waiting for First Contact 986 00:34:42,470 --> 00:34:40,859 okay so here's a really fun one and I 987 00:34:43,909 --> 00:34:42,480 know this one you know I'm sure you have 988 00:34:45,169 --> 00:34:43,919 some great advice here because you have 989 00:34:46,310 --> 00:34:45,179 been so involved in the careers of 990 00:34:48,530 --> 00:34:46,320 others 991 00:34:50,389 --> 00:34:48,540 if you could go back in time and visit 992 00:34:53,389 --> 00:34:50,399 yourself at the beginning of your career 993 00:34:55,010 --> 00:34:53,399 what advice would you give yourself 994 00:34:59,390 --> 00:34:55,020 I would say 995 00:35:01,790 --> 00:34:59,400 don't settle too far away from family 996 00:35:03,410 --> 00:35:01,800 so I left Switzerland when I was 19 to 997 00:35:05,210 --> 00:35:03,420 the United States for University and at 998 00:35:07,609 --> 00:35:05,220 19 years old it was awesome right 999 00:35:09,170 --> 00:35:07,619 finally you have my own freedom to 1000 00:35:10,910 --> 00:35:09,180 explore my own interests understand who 1001 00:35:13,130 --> 00:35:10,920 I am what I want to do 1002 00:35:15,589 --> 00:35:13,140 and then because of life I ended up 1003 00:35:17,210 --> 00:35:15,599 settling in in San Francisco but now you 1004 00:35:19,069 --> 00:35:17,220 know in my early 40s I have a little 1005 00:35:20,750 --> 00:35:19,079 niece that I don't see very often who's 1006 00:35:22,310 --> 00:35:20,760 growing very quickly my parents are 1007 00:35:24,230 --> 00:35:22,320 getting old said I'm not there to take 1008 00:35:27,170 --> 00:35:24,240 care of them and so especially during 1009 00:35:29,450 --> 00:35:27,180 the pandemic and just with a parent 1010 00:35:31,250 --> 00:35:29,460 that's ill it's just and the little girl 1011 00:35:32,690 --> 00:35:31,260 that's growing and I'm not there to be 1012 00:35:34,069 --> 00:35:32,700 the uncle that I want to be it's just 1013 00:35:36,950 --> 00:35:34,079 it's been difficult 1014 00:35:38,630 --> 00:35:36,960 so the advice is like yes go wherever 1015 00:35:41,950 --> 00:35:38,640 you need to to have a fantastic 1016 00:35:44,750 --> 00:35:41,960 education but come back closer to home 1017 00:35:47,150 --> 00:35:44,760 to settle because family is ultimately 1018 00:35:49,190 --> 00:35:47,160 all you have when 1019 00:35:51,170 --> 00:35:49,200 you dissect toward the world 1020 00:35:54,349 --> 00:35:51,180 and so for me I wish I had settled 1021 00:35:56,690 --> 00:35:54,359 closer to him I feel that a lot I'm also 1022 00:35:57,710 --> 00:35:56,700 very far away from family and it can be 1023 00:36:01,190 --> 00:35:57,720 troubling 1024 00:36:03,230 --> 00:36:01,200 another question if there is alien life 1025 00:36:04,970 --> 00:36:03,240 out there do you think we as 1026 00:36:07,790 --> 00:36:04,980 astrobiologists are most likely to find 1027 00:36:09,950 --> 00:36:07,800 it first here in our solar system beyond 1028 00:36:11,990 --> 00:36:09,960 Earth or out there amongst the 1029 00:36:14,390 --> 00:36:12,000 exoplanets oh it's so hard you know now 1030 00:36:16,430 --> 00:36:14,400 that James Webb is has launched most 1031 00:36:17,750 --> 00:36:16,440 exciting telescope ever and its 1032 00:36:19,670 --> 00:36:17,760 capabilities are just blowing everybody 1033 00:36:22,310 --> 00:36:19,680 out of the water it's really hard to 1034 00:36:24,530 --> 00:36:22,320 understand that they're sort of to 1035 00:36:26,690 --> 00:36:24,540 predict I guess what it will see versus 1036 00:36:27,829 --> 00:36:26,700 the uh the the exciting Mars missions 1037 00:36:29,990 --> 00:36:27,839 that are ongoing and the Clipper 1038 00:36:31,849 --> 00:36:30,000 missions of the icy moons I think it's a 1039 00:36:33,890 --> 00:36:31,859 very fun race to keep to keep up with 1040 00:36:34,970 --> 00:36:33,900 and who's going to detect anything first 1041 00:36:37,250 --> 00:36:34,980 the discoveries are going to be very 1042 00:36:38,630 --> 00:36:37,260 different and if they do make 1043 00:36:40,550 --> 00:36:38,640 discoveries it's going to be debated 1044 00:36:42,290 --> 00:36:40,560 forever before you know we make the 1045 00:36:44,630 --> 00:36:42,300 conclusion that it is alien life right 1046 00:36:46,550 --> 00:36:44,640 that's their last possible option is 1047 00:36:47,329 --> 00:36:46,560 that it's it's alien life it's you have 1048 00:36:48,710 --> 00:36:47,339 to go through all the different 1049 00:36:51,230 --> 00:36:48,720 possibilities you can't see something 1050 00:36:53,750 --> 00:36:51,240 strange be like that's aliens like no 1051 00:36:55,250 --> 00:36:53,760 you have to be extremely methodical you 1052 00:36:58,190 --> 00:36:55,260 know it's even if we make an interesting 1053 00:36:59,750 --> 00:36:58,200 Discovery the process of science will 1054 00:37:01,790 --> 00:36:59,760 have to take its place and it's going to 1055 00:37:03,230 --> 00:37:01,800 be a probability at the end this is 1056 00:37:04,970 --> 00:37:03,240 highly probable that it is biology 1057 00:37:07,250 --> 00:37:04,980 versus less probable it's biology it's 1058 00:37:08,630 --> 00:37:07,260 not gonna oh unless we have you know 1059 00:37:11,390 --> 00:37:08,640 have a handshake or there's like a 1060 00:37:13,370 --> 00:37:11,400 selfie of on somebody on the Mars rover 1061 00:37:14,690 --> 00:37:13,380 um it's always going to be a little bit 1062 00:37:16,010 --> 00:37:14,700 of a doubt and that's okay you know 1063 00:37:18,710 --> 00:37:16,020 that's the process of science will work 1064 00:37:20,210 --> 00:37:18,720 towards answering it so I can't predict 1065 00:37:21,530 --> 00:37:20,220 effectively in our solar system or not 1066 00:37:23,329 --> 00:37:21,540 just because like the instrumentation 1067 00:37:25,730 --> 00:37:23,339 that James Webb is just deployed under 1068 00:37:27,470 --> 00:37:25,740 upcoming missions or or for our own 1069 00:37:30,109 --> 00:37:27,480 solar system are all extremely exciting 1070 00:37:33,349 --> 00:37:30,119 was a really powerful instrumentation so 1071 00:37:34,730 --> 00:37:33,359 uh I'm just I'm gonna love just reading 1072 00:37:36,290 --> 00:37:34,740 all the papers and seeing what comes 1073 00:37:39,109 --> 00:37:36,300 down from these missions 1074 00:37:41,270 --> 00:37:39,119 love it okay uh last question in our 1075 00:37:43,010 --> 00:37:41,280 fast and light segment what is an 1076 00:37:45,530 --> 00:37:43,020 unbelievable science fact that still 1077 00:37:48,770 --> 00:37:45,540 blows your mind 1078 00:37:53,270 --> 00:37:50,750 done a lot of work to understand the 1079 00:37:54,770 --> 00:37:53,280 origin of life and we know a lot about 1080 00:37:56,390 --> 00:37:54,780 terrestrial biology all the way back 1081 00:37:59,150 --> 00:37:56,400 down to the last Universal common 1082 00:38:01,310 --> 00:37:59,160 ancestor which is what 3.8 billion years 1083 00:38:03,650 --> 00:38:01,320 ago but you know earth started having 1084 00:38:05,630 --> 00:38:03,660 water further back in time and there's 1085 00:38:06,829 --> 00:38:05,640 this Chasm of knowledge between I think 1086 00:38:09,230 --> 00:38:06,839 I said before like these early 1087 00:38:10,910 --> 00:38:09,240 geochemical reactions to this chemical 1088 00:38:13,069 --> 00:38:10,920 system capable of darwinian evolution 1089 00:38:15,050 --> 00:38:13,079 and and so like 1090 00:38:17,750 --> 00:38:15,060 that blows my mind that I actually did 1091 00:38:19,730 --> 00:38:17,760 that that that actually occurred biology 1092 00:38:21,890 --> 00:38:19,740 is so incredibly complex how did that 1093 00:38:23,990 --> 00:38:21,900 how did that happen just blows my mind 1094 00:38:26,630 --> 00:38:24,000 just thinking about it right now 1095 00:38:28,910 --> 00:38:26,640 I love it all right sanjoy now is the 1096 00:38:30,470 --> 00:38:28,920 time for our audience q a uh to our 1097 00:38:32,690 --> 00:38:30,480 audience who are watching live right now 1098 00:38:34,069 --> 00:38:32,700 thank you so much for hanging out with 1099 00:38:35,569 --> 00:38:34,079 us 1100 00:38:37,130 --> 00:38:35,579 um I'm sorry it took so long to get to 1101 00:38:39,650 --> 00:38:37,140 your questions but we have a bunch of 1102 00:38:41,569 --> 00:38:39,660 them uh and so I'm very excited right 1103 00:38:42,829 --> 00:38:41,579 now to to share some of these with you 1104 00:38:44,569 --> 00:38:42,839 I'm going to start off with one that 1105 00:38:47,870 --> 00:38:44,579 came in from Twitter actually before the 1106 00:38:50,089 --> 00:38:47,880 show this one is from Dr Jim pass uh Jim 1107 00:38:51,770 --> 00:38:50,099 has asked uh how much do you Endeavor to 1108 00:38:54,050 --> 00:38:51,780 involve students in the social sciences 1109 00:38:56,270 --> 00:38:54,060 and Humanities during your astrobiology 1110 00:38:57,950 --> 00:38:56,280 public Outreach activities how important 1111 00:38:58,790 --> 00:38:57,960 is it to increase collaboration with 1112 00:39:00,770 --> 00:38:58,800 them 1113 00:39:02,089 --> 00:39:00,780 oh quite like one of the questions one 1114 00:39:04,490 --> 00:39:02,099 of the statements I make all the time 1115 00:39:06,530 --> 00:39:04,500 when I give public talks is that the 1116 00:39:08,870 --> 00:39:06,540 quest to understand life in the universe 1117 00:39:10,790 --> 00:39:08,880 is is fundamental to understand who we 1118 00:39:14,810 --> 00:39:10,800 are as humans right and the reason is as 1119 00:39:17,630 --> 00:39:14,820 follows like if we are indeed alone 1120 00:39:21,829 --> 00:39:17,640 in the universe that means that we are 1121 00:39:26,089 --> 00:39:24,650 that's ability to hold right I'm not 1122 00:39:28,910 --> 00:39:26,099 sure we're ready for that 1123 00:39:30,829 --> 00:39:28,920 conversely if we're not alone then what 1124 00:39:32,329 --> 00:39:30,839 does it mean to be human right is is 1125 00:39:35,030 --> 00:39:32,339 will it take the discovery of 1126 00:39:37,130 --> 00:39:35,040 extraterrestrials to have Humanity see 1127 00:39:41,270 --> 00:39:37,140 itself as humans first and foremost 1128 00:39:44,270 --> 00:39:41,280 before a collection of of of races and 1129 00:39:46,670 --> 00:39:44,280 uh you know if there is indeed life 1130 00:39:48,650 --> 00:39:46,680 elsewhere the trivialities of conflict 1131 00:39:51,290 --> 00:39:48,660 on Earth seems Seems just crazy to think 1132 00:39:53,450 --> 00:39:51,300 about it and so like I think we're all 1133 00:39:55,250 --> 00:39:53,460 many of us are particularly we're 1134 00:39:56,569 --> 00:39:55,260 leaders are stuck in their own ways in 1135 00:39:58,670 --> 00:39:56,579 seeing themselves as more important than 1136 00:40:01,190 --> 00:39:58,680 the other than their neighbors whereas 1137 00:40:03,349 --> 00:40:01,200 astrobiology just also teaches us that 1138 00:40:05,630 --> 00:40:03,359 we're all we are all related completely 1139 00:40:08,030 --> 00:40:05,640 related in fact all of us who are on 1140 00:40:10,069 --> 00:40:08,040 this call had literal ancestors who are 1141 00:40:13,130 --> 00:40:10,079 building the pyramids you know all of us 1142 00:40:15,230 --> 00:40:13,140 on this call who who have seen images of 1143 00:40:18,050 --> 00:40:15,240 of handprints on the Neolithic walls 1144 00:40:19,730 --> 00:40:18,060 with ocher around it all of us can 1145 00:40:21,230 --> 00:40:19,740 relate ourselves directly to these 1146 00:40:22,970 --> 00:40:21,240 people right we're all brothers and 1147 00:40:24,170 --> 00:40:22,980 sisters we're all connected and this 1148 00:40:25,790 --> 00:40:24,180 realization that counts from 1149 00:40:28,430 --> 00:40:25,800 astrobiology I think is a really 1150 00:40:30,230 --> 00:40:28,440 important kid and I do that in my in my 1151 00:40:32,990 --> 00:40:30,240 presentation so absolutely the social 1152 00:40:34,849 --> 00:40:33,000 sciences have their space um I wish we 1153 00:40:36,890 --> 00:40:34,859 could offer more uh social science 1154 00:40:39,170 --> 00:40:36,900 projects in our in our young scientist 1155 00:40:40,670 --> 00:40:39,180 program it'll come just a community 1156 00:40:41,870 --> 00:40:40,680 we've been able to build so far as 1157 00:40:44,210 --> 00:40:41,880 mainly scientists and science 1158 00:40:46,609 --> 00:40:44,220 communicators but it'll come it's it's 1159 00:40:48,109 --> 00:40:46,619 it's part of the discipline is it the 1160 00:40:51,050 --> 00:40:48,119 social sciences 1161 00:40:52,970 --> 00:40:51,060 absolutely well let's talk about 1162 00:40:56,210 --> 00:40:52,980 um the sociology of finding alien life 1163 00:40:58,370 --> 00:40:56,220 now uh rahu Meera on YouTube has asked 1164 00:41:00,530 --> 00:40:58,380 uh how do you think the world and United 1165 00:41:02,770 --> 00:41:00,540 Nations would react if discovery of life 1166 00:41:05,750 --> 00:41:02,780 outside Earth is confirmed one day 1167 00:41:07,069 --> 00:41:05,760 uh it's gonna be I think the emotions 1168 00:41:08,510 --> 00:41:07,079 are going to be all over the map some 1169 00:41:09,890 --> 00:41:08,520 people are going to be terrified some 1170 00:41:11,150 --> 00:41:09,900 people are going to be extremely excited 1171 00:41:12,650 --> 00:41:11,160 about it 1172 00:41:15,410 --> 00:41:12,660 um I hope it's going to bring people 1173 00:41:17,150 --> 00:41:15,420 together I'm realizing that 1174 00:41:19,730 --> 00:41:17,160 um wow so we have to represent ourselves 1175 00:41:22,730 --> 00:41:19,740 well hopefully to use to these alien 1176 00:41:24,650 --> 00:41:22,740 species um we have to not you know load 1177 00:41:26,750 --> 00:41:24,660 ourselves with weapons which is what 1178 00:41:28,609 --> 00:41:26,760 Humanity has tended to do when when 1179 00:41:30,349 --> 00:41:28,619 faced with people that did not recognize 1180 00:41:32,450 --> 00:41:30,359 hopefully we can learn from our history 1181 00:41:34,310 --> 00:41:32,460 and behave differently 1182 00:41:36,349 --> 00:41:34,320 um but yeah there's no way really to 1183 00:41:38,210 --> 00:41:36,359 predict I think it's going to be the 1184 00:41:40,310 --> 00:41:38,220 full spectrum of emotions or what's 1185 00:41:42,170 --> 00:41:40,320 going to be happening when we do indeed 1186 00:41:44,030 --> 00:41:42,180 make first Contact 1187 00:41:45,349 --> 00:41:44,040 I love it 1188 00:41:47,210 --> 00:41:45,359 um so let's switch gears this next 1189 00:41:48,589 --> 00:41:47,220 question comes from user tessellated on 1190 00:41:50,089 --> 00:41:48,599 YouTube 1191 00:41:51,890 --> 00:41:50,099 um they ask what are good strategies 1192 00:41:53,810 --> 00:41:51,900 communicate complex research topics to 1193 00:41:55,190 --> 00:41:53,820 the general public that can promote 1194 00:41:56,750 --> 00:41:55,200 interest and engagement 1195 00:41:58,670 --> 00:41:56,760 yeah it's a great question it's not easy 1196 00:42:00,109 --> 00:41:58,680 to communicate science well um I 1197 00:42:02,270 --> 00:42:00,119 recommend everybody who's interested in 1198 00:42:03,710 --> 00:42:02,280 that to actually train themselves to be 1199 00:42:05,270 --> 00:42:03,720 science communicators there are 1200 00:42:06,890 --> 00:42:05,280 wonderful opportunities with 1201 00:42:08,329 --> 00:42:06,900 organizations including boom mobile 1202 00:42:11,270 --> 00:42:08,339 space but also the Ellen Elder 1203 00:42:13,130 --> 00:42:11,280 organization to learn and uh agu 1204 00:42:15,589 --> 00:42:13,140 American geophysical Union 1205 00:42:17,390 --> 00:42:15,599 um and a bunch of others who give 1206 00:42:19,069 --> 00:42:17,400 workshops on how to communicate science 1207 00:42:20,569 --> 00:42:19,079 because you don't want to dumb it down 1208 00:42:22,609 --> 00:42:20,579 right that's that's the meaning you want 1209 00:42:25,370 --> 00:42:22,619 to explain it in using analogies or 1210 00:42:26,990 --> 00:42:25,380 using excitement and and you know people 1211 00:42:29,329 --> 00:42:27,000 might not understand everything but if 1212 00:42:31,430 --> 00:42:29,339 they sense that it's exciting they will 1213 00:42:34,069 --> 00:42:31,440 be excited as well I mean I'm sure 1214 00:42:35,690 --> 00:42:34,079 you've had a class at uh in in school 1215 00:42:38,089 --> 00:42:35,700 where the professor is just not engaged 1216 00:42:39,770 --> 00:42:38,099 despite how exciting the topic is and if 1217 00:42:41,569 --> 00:42:39,780 they're not engaged then you can lose 1218 00:42:43,010 --> 00:42:41,579 excitement but if the topic talks about 1219 00:42:44,930 --> 00:42:43,020 something esoteric but they're really 1220 00:42:47,270 --> 00:42:44,940 into it like you're into it as well 1221 00:42:48,710 --> 00:42:47,280 right so science communication is not 1222 00:42:51,290 --> 00:42:48,720 just the skills of putting words 1223 00:42:54,050 --> 00:42:51,300 together to to explain a difficult 1224 00:42:55,910 --> 00:42:54,060 concept there's also the whole approach 1225 00:42:58,370 --> 00:42:55,920 you take to communicating that's science 1226 00:43:01,069 --> 00:42:58,380 and that's skills that are trainable and 1227 00:43:02,809 --> 00:43:01,079 so um you know not everybody 1228 00:43:04,849 --> 00:43:02,819 um well we're not born science 1229 00:43:06,770 --> 00:43:04,859 communicators right we're you can train 1230 00:43:09,470 --> 00:43:06,780 that and so going through these 1231 00:43:11,270 --> 00:43:09,480 workshops um to to improve those skills 1232 00:43:14,750 --> 00:43:11,280 is the best way to learn the 1233 00:43:17,990 --> 00:43:14,760 methodologies to then explain more and 1234 00:43:19,430 --> 00:43:18,000 more complex topics practice right 1235 00:43:22,190 --> 00:43:19,440 that's how the only way you get to 1236 00:43:24,650 --> 00:43:22,200 Carnegie Hall is practice practice 1237 00:43:26,450 --> 00:43:24,660 absolutely him practicing work it takes 1238 00:43:28,190 --> 00:43:26,460 work to do anything well that's right um 1239 00:43:29,990 --> 00:43:28,200 we have another question from rahu Mira 1240 00:43:31,430 --> 00:43:30,000 I think I'll answer this one uh we 1241 00:43:32,930 --> 00:43:31,440 discussed earlier you told us you know 1242 00:43:34,490 --> 00:43:32,940 that water by itself is not habitable 1243 00:43:36,050 --> 00:43:34,500 that we're looking you know that the 1244 00:43:38,630 --> 00:43:36,060 energetics of the systems that we have 1245 00:43:40,190 --> 00:43:38,640 these watery systems Rahul wanted to 1246 00:43:42,050 --> 00:43:40,200 know why we're fixated on this idea that 1247 00:43:43,430 --> 00:43:42,060 water is essential for life 1248 00:43:44,690 --> 00:43:43,440 um and if there's any theoretical basis 1249 00:43:46,790 --> 00:43:44,700 for that belief 1250 00:43:48,650 --> 00:43:46,800 um Rahul you're very right 1251 00:43:50,930 --> 00:43:48,660 um we have thought a lot about you know 1252 00:43:53,150 --> 00:43:50,940 water as the solvent for life and life 1253 00:43:54,589 --> 00:43:53,160 being carbon based there is certainly 1254 00:43:56,750 --> 00:43:54,599 other chemistry out there there are 1255 00:43:58,309 --> 00:43:56,760 other possible solvents that a living 1256 00:44:00,530 --> 00:43:58,319 system could potentially use and there's 1257 00:44:02,270 --> 00:44:00,540 other possible backlog backbones for for 1258 00:44:04,130 --> 00:44:02,280 life as well maybe it's silicon-based 1259 00:44:05,329 --> 00:44:04,140 life people have talked about 1260 00:44:06,530 --> 00:44:05,339 um I'll throw a question back at you 1261 00:44:07,790 --> 00:44:06,540 though and give you some homework if you 1262 00:44:09,470 --> 00:44:07,800 don't mind 1263 00:44:11,150 --> 00:44:09,480 um I love it if you would go out and 1264 00:44:13,609 --> 00:44:11,160 research a little bit about water's 1265 00:44:16,250 --> 00:44:13,619 chemistry especially things like the 1266 00:44:18,290 --> 00:44:16,260 hydrogen bonding inside of water and why 1267 00:44:20,150 --> 00:44:18,300 water is the solvent for Life as We Know 1268 00:44:21,410 --> 00:44:20,160 It And the same thing for carbon as well 1269 00:44:23,870 --> 00:44:21,420 there's actually a reason that carbons 1270 00:44:25,970 --> 00:44:23,880 are much better backbone for Life as we 1271 00:44:27,050 --> 00:44:25,980 know it than silicon is 1272 00:44:28,730 --> 00:44:27,060 um so it's worth putting some of the 1273 00:44:30,950 --> 00:44:28,740 work in yourself and exploring this 1274 00:44:32,630 --> 00:44:30,960 topic a little bit I can say that you're 1275 00:44:35,270 --> 00:44:32,640 right uh there are reasons to explore 1276 00:44:37,609 --> 00:44:35,280 other possibilities but so far as far as 1277 00:44:39,050 --> 00:44:37,619 we know life is based in water and with 1278 00:44:40,609 --> 00:44:39,060 carbon 1279 00:44:43,130 --> 00:44:40,619 um so song joy for you we have another 1280 00:44:45,589 --> 00:44:43,140 question from Twitter uh from sibsunker 1281 00:44:47,990 --> 00:44:45,599 palette uh sibsonker has asked if you 1282 00:44:50,210 --> 00:44:48,000 have suggestions for a young aspiring 1283 00:44:52,010 --> 00:44:50,220 spacepreneur who wants to build a 1284 00:44:54,589 --> 00:44:52,020 youth-led astrobiology and space 1285 00:44:56,210 --> 00:44:54,599 non-profit that can Empower unserved 1286 00:44:58,430 --> 00:44:56,220 communities around the world uh just 1287 00:45:01,130 --> 00:44:58,440 like Blue Marble space has 1288 00:45:04,309 --> 00:45:01,140 find the people who are as excited as 1289 00:45:06,890 --> 00:45:04,319 you to work on the project but also find 1290 00:45:10,010 --> 00:45:06,900 people who have the skills to also do 1291 00:45:11,390 --> 00:45:10,020 the motivation to do the drudgery part 1292 00:45:13,069 --> 00:45:11,400 of running a business 1293 00:45:15,109 --> 00:45:13,079 get somebody as excited about accounting 1294 00:45:16,849 --> 00:45:15,119 get something as excited about the law 1295 00:45:19,670 --> 00:45:16,859 how do you set up a business how what 1296 00:45:21,470 --> 00:45:19,680 are all the different paperwork you need 1297 00:45:23,750 --> 00:45:21,480 to file yearly to make sure that your 1298 00:45:26,089 --> 00:45:23,760 nonprofit stays an entity right it's a 1299 00:45:28,069 --> 00:45:26,099 lot of dedication to topics that are not 1300 00:45:30,890 --> 00:45:28,079 necessarily exciting from a science 1301 00:45:33,109 --> 00:45:30,900 perspective to keep a business going 1302 00:45:35,150 --> 00:45:33,119 um it's it's a huge learning curve that 1303 00:45:37,730 --> 00:45:35,160 I encourage you to follow if business is 1304 00:45:40,370 --> 00:45:37,740 something that excites you but it can 1305 00:45:43,550 --> 00:45:40,380 take you away from the science 1306 00:45:45,349 --> 00:45:43,560 um and so be very very mindful whether 1307 00:45:48,290 --> 00:45:45,359 starting a business is what you want to 1308 00:45:51,109 --> 00:45:48,300 do you don't need to start a business to 1309 00:45:53,270 --> 00:45:51,119 build a community right you only need to 1310 00:45:54,950 --> 00:45:53,280 start a business once you need to you're 1311 00:45:57,349 --> 00:45:54,960 doing transaction financially in order 1312 00:45:58,970 --> 00:45:57,359 to stay you know legal but you don't 1313 00:46:01,130 --> 00:45:58,980 need to start a business to build a 1314 00:46:04,010 --> 00:46:01,140 community uh you can do that just with 1315 00:46:05,390 --> 00:46:04,020 an email group or or you know however 1316 00:46:06,829 --> 00:46:05,400 else you can think of the build 1317 00:46:09,109 --> 00:46:06,839 community 1318 00:46:10,069 --> 00:46:09,119 um it does it is taxing to start a 1319 00:46:14,750 --> 00:46:10,079 business 1320 00:46:17,569 --> 00:46:14,760 days are better than others in terms of 1321 00:46:19,490 --> 00:46:17,579 the anxiety in terms of the drudgery in 1322 00:46:21,589 --> 00:46:19,500 terms of the oh I see this form to file 1323 00:46:23,150 --> 00:46:21,599 and as a leader of business there's 1324 00:46:24,770 --> 00:46:23,160 nobody really you can 1325 00:46:26,690 --> 00:46:24,780 help you solve the problem but you have 1326 00:46:28,430 --> 00:46:26,700 to solve it yourself and that can be 1327 00:46:30,230 --> 00:46:28,440 emotionally draining as well 1328 00:46:32,210 --> 00:46:30,240 um however 1329 00:46:34,130 --> 00:46:32,220 if you're able to then take a step back 1330 00:46:35,809 --> 00:46:34,140 and see the bigger picture then that 1331 00:46:38,150 --> 00:46:35,819 provides all the motivation the reasons 1332 00:46:39,650 --> 00:46:38,160 why you do all this but think very 1333 00:46:41,089 --> 00:46:39,660 carefully before you start a business 1334 00:46:43,970 --> 00:46:41,099 that is something you want to do because 1335 00:46:46,849 --> 00:46:43,980 there's a lot a lot of work behind it 1336 00:46:48,470 --> 00:46:46,859 yeah indeed now one thing I do love 1337 00:46:50,569 --> 00:46:48,480 about our show 1338 00:46:52,250 --> 00:46:50,579 um in our audience q a we often have 1339 00:46:54,470 --> 00:46:52,260 questions that are very targeted towards 1340 00:46:56,809 --> 00:46:54,480 our guests sometimes we just have random 1341 00:46:59,089 --> 00:46:56,819 questions about astrobiology and so feel 1342 00:47:00,650 --> 00:46:59,099 free to say that you have no idea of the 1343 00:47:04,190 --> 00:47:00,660 answers for some of these questions but 1344 00:47:06,530 --> 00:47:04,200 uh user Laura Siana on YouTube 1345 00:47:09,050 --> 00:47:06,540 um wants to know if you think uh life is 1346 00:47:11,569 --> 00:47:09,060 possible on the night side of a tidally 1347 00:47:15,170 --> 00:47:11,579 lost planet around an m-class star if 1348 00:47:16,849 --> 00:47:15,180 it'd be protected from a stellar flare 1349 00:47:19,490 --> 00:47:16,859 if it's tightly locked on the night side 1350 00:47:20,510 --> 00:47:19,500 then there is no sunlight that gets 1351 00:47:23,270 --> 00:47:20,520 there 1352 00:47:26,150 --> 00:47:23,280 and I can't see how biology would 1353 00:47:29,329 --> 00:47:26,160 survive the cold or the lack of energy 1354 00:47:31,250 --> 00:47:29,339 so Never Say Never biology finds a way 1355 00:47:32,450 --> 00:47:31,260 but it's not the place I would look for 1356 00:47:34,550 --> 00:47:32,460 first 1357 00:47:35,990 --> 00:47:34,560 okay love it 1358 00:47:37,670 --> 00:47:36,000 um and then we do have to speed up a 1359 00:47:38,870 --> 00:47:37,680 little bit unfortunately I'm so sorry to 1360 00:47:40,730 --> 00:47:38,880 our audience thank you for all these 1361 00:47:42,890 --> 00:47:40,740 awesome questions I'm going to pick and 1362 00:47:45,109 --> 00:47:42,900 choose a couple of them here myself we 1363 00:47:46,849 --> 00:47:45,119 have one from 1364 00:47:50,510 --> 00:47:46,859 um the center for of astronomical 1365 00:47:52,790 --> 00:47:50,520 Research on Twitter at upgrade me bb1 a 1366 00:47:54,109 --> 00:47:52,800 great username uh can studying life at 1367 00:47:55,670 --> 00:47:54,119 extreme temperatures broaden our 1368 00:47:57,710 --> 00:47:55,680 understanding of possible life outside 1369 00:48:00,290 --> 00:47:57,720 of our defined Goldilocks zone or 1370 00:48:02,030 --> 00:48:00,300 habitable zone is it best to look or is 1371 00:48:03,950 --> 00:48:02,040 it best to look for life in Earth-like 1372 00:48:05,990 --> 00:48:03,960 exoplanets 1373 00:48:09,829 --> 00:48:06,000 yes I mean the Goldilocks zone just 1374 00:48:11,450 --> 00:48:09,839 means that water is liquid right and so 1375 00:48:13,010 --> 00:48:11,460 that doesn't tell you much about 1376 00:48:15,170 --> 00:48:13,020 anything else about biological 1377 00:48:17,750 --> 00:48:15,180 adaptation so understanding the extremes 1378 00:48:21,290 --> 00:48:17,760 of Life uh I think is fundamental to 1379 00:48:22,910 --> 00:48:21,300 understanding our ability to explore 1380 00:48:24,170 --> 00:48:22,920 locations that you wouldn't think about 1381 00:48:27,109 --> 00:48:24,180 first 1382 00:48:28,730 --> 00:48:27,119 um these really hot temperatures 1383 00:48:31,730 --> 00:48:28,740 um you wouldn't you know those are only 1384 00:48:34,430 --> 00:48:31,740 discovered in the 1970s like before we 1385 00:48:36,890 --> 00:48:34,440 saw we thought the sea floor was Barren 1386 00:48:39,050 --> 00:48:36,900 but no we discovered this new source of 1387 00:48:41,809 --> 00:48:39,060 energy and biology somehow is it I think 1388 00:48:44,150 --> 00:48:41,819 the record now is 122 degrees Celsius is 1389 00:48:47,150 --> 00:48:44,160 for the hottest thermophiles which is 1390 00:48:49,010 --> 00:48:47,160 crazy numbers right and so uh let's 1391 00:48:51,650 --> 00:48:49,020 explore this parameter space in terms of 1392 00:48:54,890 --> 00:48:51,660 not only temperature but salinity 1393 00:48:57,109 --> 00:48:54,900 um pH uh pressure you know and what in 1394 00:48:59,329 --> 00:48:57,119 that physical parameter space is biology 1395 00:49:01,730 --> 00:48:59,339 capable of because their environments 1396 00:49:03,950 --> 00:49:01,740 beyond Earth that are somewhere in that 1397 00:49:05,630 --> 00:49:03,960 parameter space and if we can establish 1398 00:49:08,450 --> 00:49:05,640 through scientific research that biology 1399 00:49:10,430 --> 00:49:08,460 is possible then that opens up the scope 1400 00:49:12,470 --> 00:49:10,440 of planets and environments that are 1401 00:49:16,309 --> 00:49:12,480 capable of Hosting life which is which 1402 00:49:17,569 --> 00:49:16,319 is which is fantastic fantastic 1403 00:49:18,890 --> 00:49:17,579 um as I said I'm going to skip through a 1404 00:49:21,410 --> 00:49:18,900 few questions here I have one from Terry 1405 00:49:22,849 --> 00:49:21,420 Trevino on YouTube uh Terry wants to 1406 00:49:24,890 --> 00:49:22,859 know how you think electromagnetism 1407 00:49:26,569 --> 00:49:24,900 might have been in part in kicking off 1408 00:49:28,550 --> 00:49:26,579 the electric Fields inside of cellular 1409 00:49:32,390 --> 00:49:28,560 structures 1410 00:49:34,250 --> 00:49:32,400 I have no idea love it 1411 00:49:35,270 --> 00:49:34,260 um yeah I'm not actually sure either 1412 00:49:37,790 --> 00:49:35,280 um you know there's there's 1413 00:49:39,589 --> 00:49:37,800 electromagnetism you know it's kind of 1414 00:49:41,750 --> 00:49:39,599 inherent in a lot of the the conduction 1415 00:49:44,809 --> 00:49:41,760 of electricity it'll create a magnetic 1416 00:49:47,150 --> 00:49:44,819 field so it's worth looking into more 1417 00:49:48,770 --> 00:49:47,160 um how about so user Holden Faraday asks 1418 00:49:51,970 --> 00:49:48,780 what is more likely to have Signs of 1419 00:49:55,069 --> 00:49:51,980 Life Enceladus or Titan 1420 00:49:58,790 --> 00:49:55,079 Enceladus or Titan 1421 00:50:00,410 --> 00:49:58,800 um okay it has a two different worlds 1422 00:50:01,730 --> 00:50:00,420 that are explored with different 1423 00:50:05,809 --> 00:50:01,740 spacecraft 1424 00:50:09,890 --> 00:50:05,819 um so Enceladus we can probe the uh 1425 00:50:13,430 --> 00:50:09,900 exhaust from the the geysers whereas on 1426 00:50:17,150 --> 00:50:13,440 Titan we will land on a very cold planet 1427 00:50:19,190 --> 00:50:17,160 with liquid methane as a main cycle of 1428 00:50:20,390 --> 00:50:19,200 of liquid 1429 00:50:22,250 --> 00:50:20,400 um 1430 00:50:23,930 --> 00:50:22,260 gosh those are such two different worlds 1431 00:50:25,490 --> 00:50:23,940 I would still lean towards and sell this 1432 00:50:27,309 --> 00:50:25,500 become biased towards my water Rock 1433 00:50:30,710 --> 00:50:27,319 systems as providing energy 1434 00:50:33,650 --> 00:50:30,720 I don't see life being comfortable in 1435 00:50:36,589 --> 00:50:33,660 the cold temperatures of Titan on the 1436 00:50:38,569 --> 00:50:36,599 surface at least in in the methane or 1437 00:50:39,589 --> 00:50:38,579 ethane Lakes I think that's that's not a 1438 00:50:41,990 --> 00:50:39,599 good solvent 1439 00:50:43,490 --> 00:50:42,000 um very exciting place to explore of 1440 00:50:45,290 --> 00:50:43,500 course and of course we should look for 1441 00:50:46,670 --> 00:50:45,300 biology there because it's such an 1442 00:50:48,109 --> 00:50:46,680 important question to answer whether 1443 00:50:50,690 --> 00:50:48,119 like whether or not we're alone in the 1444 00:50:52,670 --> 00:50:50,700 universe but I'm still leaning towards 1445 00:50:54,770 --> 00:50:52,680 the ocean worlds uh the traditional ones 1446 00:50:57,349 --> 00:50:54,780 of Europa and Enceladus a good question 1447 00:50:59,210 --> 00:50:57,359 I appreciate it yeah it's a very 1448 00:51:02,210 --> 00:50:59,220 interesting one for sure 1449 00:51:04,490 --> 00:51:02,220 um user PIAA asks uh what do you think 1450 00:51:05,690 --> 00:51:04,500 about the term alien uh they say it 1451 00:51:07,970 --> 00:51:05,700 seems to me it's a very loaded term 1452 00:51:09,109 --> 00:51:07,980 especially in this day and age uh so for 1453 00:51:10,309 --> 00:51:09,119 you sanjoy what do you think of the word 1454 00:51:12,410 --> 00:51:10,319 alien 1455 00:51:13,910 --> 00:51:12,420 uh depends on its usage I agree the 1456 00:51:15,349 --> 00:51:13,920 reason why it's loaded I mean I'm an 1457 00:51:16,970 --> 00:51:15,359 immigrant to the United States and I was 1458 00:51:17,990 --> 00:51:16,980 considered a non-resident alien for a 1459 00:51:20,450 --> 00:51:18,000 long time and it was a little weird 1460 00:51:21,290 --> 00:51:20,460 because as an astrobiologist well you 1461 00:51:22,790 --> 00:51:21,300 know it has a little bit different 1462 00:51:24,829 --> 00:51:22,800 definition 1463 00:51:28,069 --> 00:51:24,839 um and so 1464 00:51:31,069 --> 00:51:28,079 you know like it's it's 1465 00:51:33,890 --> 00:51:31,079 the usage of words to classify people 1466 00:51:34,910 --> 00:51:33,900 will offend someone somewhere 1467 00:51:36,770 --> 00:51:34,920 um 1468 00:51:39,049 --> 00:51:36,780 so but you also have to use those words 1469 00:51:42,470 --> 00:51:39,059 to express yourself and so just be 1470 00:51:44,569 --> 00:51:42,480 conscious that sometimes people might be 1471 00:51:46,309 --> 00:51:44,579 offended and if they are learn why and 1472 00:51:48,470 --> 00:51:46,319 that can affect the way but it's 1473 00:51:50,510 --> 00:51:48,480 impossible to 1474 00:51:52,490 --> 00:51:50,520 preemptively find a word that everybody 1475 00:51:54,290 --> 00:51:52,500 will be happy with just because we're 1476 00:51:56,450 --> 00:51:54,300 all living in our own little world that 1477 00:51:58,970 --> 00:51:56,460 we're not necessarily exposed to the 1478 00:52:01,849 --> 00:51:58,980 cultures or other ways of thinking that 1479 00:52:03,230 --> 00:52:01,859 might feel threatened by the use of the 1480 00:52:05,930 --> 00:52:03,240 word alien or any other word that 1481 00:52:08,329 --> 00:52:05,940 describes the population so if you find 1482 00:52:11,270 --> 00:52:08,339 yourself being criticized by a you know 1483 00:52:12,710 --> 00:52:11,280 learn why and maybe that changes the way 1484 00:52:15,109 --> 00:52:12,720 you express yourself 1485 00:52:16,549 --> 00:52:15,119 um but it's just the world we live in 1486 00:52:18,049 --> 00:52:16,559 today seems to be very sensitive with 1487 00:52:20,030 --> 00:52:18,059 all these different terms and and for 1488 00:52:22,130 --> 00:52:20,040 good reasons as we're more and more 1489 00:52:24,650 --> 00:52:22,140 aware of the historical baggage that 1490 00:52:27,170 --> 00:52:24,660 some of those terms use but the word 1491 00:52:28,609 --> 00:52:27,180 alien is is doesn't bother me as much as 1492 00:52:29,150 --> 00:52:28,619 others 1493 00:52:31,190 --> 00:52:29,160 um 1494 00:52:32,630 --> 00:52:31,200 awesome uh thank you so much for all of 1495 00:52:33,710 --> 00:52:32,640 your answers here to our audience who 1496 00:52:35,150 --> 00:52:33,720 are watching 1497 00:52:37,069 --> 00:52:35,160 um there are so many more questions I'm 1498 00:52:38,390 --> 00:52:37,079 sorry we could not get to the mall 1499 00:52:39,589 --> 00:52:38,400 um we did have a slightly late start in 1500 00:52:41,030 --> 00:52:39,599 this episode 1501 00:52:42,890 --> 00:52:41,040 um but thank you so much if you do want 1502 00:52:44,410 --> 00:52:42,900 to ask your questions of sanjoy or 1503 00:52:47,210 --> 00:52:44,420 myself you can find us both on Twitter 1504 00:52:50,030 --> 00:52:47,220 sanjoy is at sanjoy Marcel on Twitter 1505 00:52:52,970 --> 00:52:50,040 I'm at cosmobiologists you can also find 1506 00:52:57,170 --> 00:52:52,980 the NASA astrobiology program at NASA 1507 00:52:59,089 --> 00:52:57,180 astrobio or Sega net at sega.org on 1508 00:53:00,230 --> 00:52:59,099 Twitter you can also search for sanjoy 1509 00:53:01,370 --> 00:53:00,240 online you'll find a lot of great hits 1510 00:53:03,950 --> 00:53:01,380 about him there's a really awesome 1511 00:53:06,109 --> 00:53:03,960 interview article from NASA that they 1512 00:53:07,250 --> 00:53:06,119 did on sanjoy fairly recently 1513 00:53:08,809 --> 00:53:07,260 um I do want to close it out just a 1514 00:53:12,170 --> 00:53:08,819 little bit coming back to this idea of 1515 00:53:13,970 --> 00:53:12,180 the one flag emblem in space 1516 00:53:16,250 --> 00:53:13,980 um you've written two papers over the 1517 00:53:18,710 --> 00:53:16,260 years kind of around this idea you've 1518 00:53:20,569 --> 00:53:18,720 had about community and kind of you know 1519 00:53:23,329 --> 00:53:20,579 building this idea of our identity 1520 00:53:24,650 --> 00:53:23,339 together in space you had one paper that 1521 00:53:25,910 --> 00:53:24,660 was called an international symbol for 1522 00:53:28,190 --> 00:53:25,920 the sustained exploration of space 1523 00:53:30,170 --> 00:53:28,200 talking about this idea of having one 1524 00:53:32,270 --> 00:53:30,180 one symbol together you had a more 1525 00:53:35,270 --> 00:53:32,280 recent paper called common identity as a 1526 00:53:36,950 --> 00:53:35,280 step to civilization longevity I wonder 1527 00:53:39,470 --> 00:53:36,960 if you can speak kind of to your vision 1528 00:53:41,630 --> 00:53:39,480 of finding that common identity together 1529 00:53:43,309 --> 00:53:41,640 and will there be a third paper that 1530 00:53:46,010 --> 00:53:43,319 kind of culminates any of this stuff 1531 00:53:50,270 --> 00:53:46,020 these ideas of of having all of us kind 1532 00:53:54,410 --> 00:53:52,010 it's hard to do it in in short time but 1533 00:53:57,290 --> 00:53:54,420 the one thing I can say is that the 1534 00:53:59,750 --> 00:53:57,300 beauty in humanity lies in its diversity 1535 00:54:01,970 --> 00:53:59,760 we learn so much more about ourselves 1536 00:54:03,530 --> 00:54:01,980 about The Way We Believe by taking the 1537 00:54:05,270 --> 00:54:03,540 time to engage with people who don't 1538 00:54:07,670 --> 00:54:05,280 think like us believe like us or look 1539 00:54:09,589 --> 00:54:07,680 like us and thinking as ourselves as 1540 00:54:11,150 --> 00:54:09,599 humans first and foremost provides the 1541 00:54:12,770 --> 00:54:11,160 opportunity to start that conversation 1542 00:54:14,750 --> 00:54:12,780 right you need something in common 1543 00:54:16,130 --> 00:54:14,760 usually to start a conversation with 1544 00:54:18,589 --> 00:54:16,140 somebody that's very different than you 1545 00:54:19,970 --> 00:54:18,599 and sometimes that's the barrier like I 1546 00:54:21,530 --> 00:54:19,980 don't know what we have in common or 1547 00:54:23,329 --> 00:54:21,540 know how to start a conversation but 1548 00:54:25,130 --> 00:54:23,339 like hey look at the Earth what do you 1549 00:54:27,410 --> 00:54:25,140 think you know that's like we both can 1550 00:54:28,849 --> 00:54:27,420 relate so it's a conversation starter so 1551 00:54:30,770 --> 00:54:28,859 the first paper is really emphasizing 1552 00:54:33,170 --> 00:54:30,780 the fact that we are humans first and 1553 00:54:35,030 --> 00:54:33,180 foremost second paper is really 1554 00:54:37,670 --> 00:54:35,040 um emphasizing that this diversity is 1555 00:54:40,609 --> 00:54:37,680 really important in in improving who we 1556 00:54:42,710 --> 00:54:40,619 are as humans and I'm not sure where the 1557 00:54:44,210 --> 00:54:42,720 third one will go but I mean as I 1558 00:54:46,910 --> 00:54:44,220 learned to engage with people that are 1559 00:54:49,430 --> 00:54:46,920 not like me I get new ideas on how we 1560 00:54:51,650 --> 00:54:49,440 can come together as a society which is 1561 00:54:54,230 --> 00:54:51,660 really really important because of all 1562 00:54:56,690 --> 00:54:54,240 the challenges we Face environmentally 1563 00:54:58,970 --> 00:54:56,700 and geopolitically 1564 00:55:00,710 --> 00:54:58,980 that's wonderful we are going to close 1565 00:55:02,690 --> 00:55:00,720 out the show now I do want to say sanjoy 1566 00:55:04,549 --> 00:55:02,700 a special thank you to you for joining 1567 00:55:07,609 --> 00:55:04,559 us here for ask an astrobiologist you've 1568 00:55:08,750 --> 00:55:07,619 been a great friend a mentor a boss over 1569 00:55:10,670 --> 00:55:08,760 the years 1570 00:55:12,290 --> 00:55:10,680 um I'm so honored and thrilled to be 1571 00:55:13,970 --> 00:55:12,300 part of Blue Marble space and Sega net 1572 00:55:15,470 --> 00:55:13,980 and to be part of this show and really 1573 00:55:16,549 --> 00:55:15,480 it's because of you and the vision that 1574 00:55:17,930 --> 00:55:16,559 you've had 1575 00:55:20,750 --> 00:55:17,940 um and bringing me and so many of us 1576 00:55:22,370 --> 00:55:20,760 together and allowing us to explore our 1577 00:55:25,730 --> 00:55:22,380 diversity and our different opinions and 1578 00:55:27,589 --> 00:55:25,740 ideas together as an organization 1579 00:55:28,970 --> 00:55:27,599 um you know you've done so much for for 1580 00:55:30,170 --> 00:55:28,980 young people around the world to bring 1581 00:55:31,309 --> 00:55:30,180 them into this and for our audience 1582 00:55:33,349 --> 00:55:31,319 watching I know there's a lot of 1583 00:55:34,970 --> 00:55:33,359 undergraduate and graduate students from 1584 00:55:38,690 --> 00:55:34,980 around the world who are watching right 1585 00:55:40,190 --> 00:55:38,700 now who want to be part of this journey 1586 00:55:42,829 --> 00:55:40,200 um so if you do want to keep up with 1587 00:55:44,750 --> 00:55:42,839 what we're doing in NASA astrobiology uh 1588 00:55:46,730 --> 00:55:44,760 you can use the QR code popping up on 1589 00:55:49,790 --> 00:55:46,740 the screen right now to sign up for the 1590 00:55:51,650 --> 00:55:49,800 NASA astrobiology mailing list of course 1591 00:55:54,730 --> 00:55:51,660 you can find more information about Blue 1592 00:55:58,670 --> 00:55:54,740 Marble space and bmsis at 1593 00:56:00,230 --> 00:55:58,680 bluemarlespace.org or at BMS is.org it's 1594 00:56:02,150 --> 00:56:00,240 always fun to hear from all of you who 1595 00:56:04,130 --> 00:56:02,160 watch the show and again if you do want 1596 00:56:06,109 --> 00:56:04,140 to ask more of your questions of any of 1597 00:56:07,549 --> 00:56:06,119 us you can find us all online in many 1598 00:56:09,290 --> 00:56:07,559 places 1599 00:56:11,329 --> 00:56:09,300 um and sanjoy I actually have one small 1600 00:56:13,609 --> 00:56:11,339 request 1601 00:56:15,589 --> 00:56:13,619 um so when you first started closing out 1602 00:56:17,450 --> 00:56:15,599 the show for ask an astrobiologist you'd 1603 00:56:19,730 --> 00:56:17,460 always say until next time stay curious 1604 00:56:22,309 --> 00:56:19,740 and I stole that from you and I've been 1605 00:56:24,650 --> 00:56:22,319 doing it for a long time I wonder since 1606 00:56:26,150 --> 00:56:24,660 we have you back would you mind closing 1607 00:56:28,069 --> 00:56:26,160 us out 1608 00:56:29,569 --> 00:56:28,079 thank you so much for asking oh my gosh 1609 00:56:31,309 --> 00:56:29,579 it's fantastic friends it's been an 1610 00:56:33,170 --> 00:56:31,319 incredible episode please don't forget 1611 00:56:38,550 --> 00:56:33,180 to catch us next time on ask us 1612 00:56:55,850 --> 00:56:43,809 [Music] 1613 00:56:56,700 --> 00:56:55,860 [Applause] 1614 00:56:58,600 --> 00:56:56,710 [Music] 1615 00:57:07,750 --> 00:56:58,610 [Applause]